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Vocabulary blackmail=chantage ditch= abandonner/ nom fossé iffy=douteux incertain mischievous espiègle croquette cuivre =copper stérilet =IUD pristine =immaculé crow's feet =pattes d'oie vanguard =avant garde conduct= conduite mener steadfast=inebranlable grim=sombre sinistre dread= redouter effroi loath = répugne loathsome= repugnant/detesable/odieux befitting = digne lenient=indulgent clement oursin= sea urchin /ursine (tch) pimp= proxénète watering can =arrosoir bulletproof vest = gilet pare-balle frolicking= gambadant urinary infection = uti/infection urinaire blandness= fadeur insipidité spool= bobine afore=avnt ogle= reluquer/mater skidded= dérapé/ glisser slack= mou lache slope=pent /versant irk= irriter agacer extol= exalter prôner jabber= jacasser tidal wave = ras demaree tsunami deadlock=stalemate can opener = ouvre boite mire= boue automaton= automate selflessness=altruisme ringlets= boucles anglaises snuggle =se blottir caye=île îlot dodgy=douteux mane=criniere une louche= a ladle loucher=squint disembled = faire semblant baffled= stupéfait funnel= entonnoir clog/unclog= bouche débouche bulky = encombrant, imposant to beam= diffusee:a line of light that shines from a brightobject: disruptive = perturbateur spades= piques jacks(card)= valets aces= as clubs= trèfles diamonds= carreaux brash adj= effronté, impétueux to wail= pleurnicher, gemir enhanced = rehaussé, augmenter an oar =une rame to mow= tondre to row= ramer a nightstand = table de nuit to gloat= se vanter, jubiler cuckhold= cocu daunting = intimidant tattle= rapporter, denoncer stiffen (up)= se raidir, rigide the slops= les pistes filthy=sale crasseux bliss= bonheur, felicité hence = donc/par consequent ivy= lierre a gauze= une compresse snot= morve dew= rosée coax= amadouer convaincre ripples= ondulations adamant assets=biens/ capital to go berserk= devenir fou furieux shiner folksy= folklorique swoon wince=grimace cave=grotte wobble smug bosom threshold= entree pas de la porte gallow stern token escale stop over liquider voc cheva =sell ect renes got fed up= en avoir marre splurged doused = arrose asperge blithe insouciant squashed écrase crouching accroupi swaying balancement licence = bachelor degree propriétaire d'appartement crinière toboggan hive= ruche dam= barrage glider= planeur tame= apprivoiser step-ladder= escabeau ladder= echelle whiskers= moustache (de chat) willow=saule, osier to slaughter= massacrer ablaze= embrasé to be doomed= être condamné destiny= doom hoax= canular handcuff= menottes raven= corbeau bail on= laisser tomber lean on= s'appuyer sur/ compter sur pull over= s'arrêter/ se garer suspicion=soupçon shawty= belle fille calleux= calloused clearing= clairière a track= une piste, une voie intruder= un intrus coudre= sew tricoter= knit unhinged = déséquilibré / dérangé unfortunate= malheureux/ regrettable asset= atout kick in = faire effet tire= pneu shovel= pelle wrap up=conclure/terminer leek= poireau rewind= rembobiner the seam= veine de mine appealing= attrayant/attirant/séduisant slender= mince catch up= rattraper/rejoindre/discuter kidney= rein pine cone= pomme de pin a stain=une tache cauliflower= chou fleur cabbage= chou a rope= une corde a monk= un moine shield= bouclier a pattern= un motif the lark= l'alouette a barn= une grange a homestead= une propriété to hoist= hisser a pebble= un galet,petit caillou moisten= humidifier dash off= detaller, filer the flu= la grippe to sneeze= éternuer dizzy= avoir la tete qui tourne moldy= moisi zucchini = courgette eggplant= aubergine traffic jam= embouteillage staircase= escalier feather= plume 🪶 a strap= sangle, bretelles to budge= céder, changer d'avis assert= affirmer the nerve= le culot fence= barrière cloture peeve= bete noire pastry= patisserie pastry chef/cook= pâtissier water lilies = nénuphar mesmerize= hypnotiser/ envouter slightly= légèrement recollection=memory an awaiting= une attente to hop=sauter, monter fetch=récupérer, aller chercher hatred= haine displease smug= prétentieux to brag= se venter spokesperson= porte parole oat= avoine cunning= astucieux, rusé sly= sournois odd number= impair even number= paire crutches= bequilles come out of the blue= sort de nulle part vulture= vautour crumb= miettes steam=vapeur lice= poux beat up:battre frapper band-aid : pansement a gag= un baillon clay= argile a saw= une scie doormat= paillasson bridesmaid= demoiselle d'honneur corkscrew= tire bouchon dodge= esquiver diamond= losange the fee= les frais enroll= s'inscrire dimple= fossette mellow= moelleux frame= cadre strike= grève flawless= impeccable casket= coffin slur= insulte greed= cupidity rug= tapis without further ado= sans plus attendre earmuffs= caches oreilles beanie= bonnet tripod= trépieds watercolor=aquarelle mat flaw=défaut drench= tremper smother= étouffer, asphyxier to bask= se prélasser assignment= devoir/tache/mission start from scratch= partie de rien oatmeal= flocons d'avoine shuffle= melanger (des cartes) choke up= gorge nouée lust= luxure shatter= brisé slumber= sommeil chummy= copain-copain bankruptcy= faillite bankrupt= en faillite/ ruinée railroad= chemin de fer inquieries= enquetes, investigations, questions the sod= la tourbe grasshopper= sauterelle sleigh= traineau tonsils= amygdales surly= hargneux harvest = récolte yearn= désirer a tramp= un clochard dowry= dot lowkey= discret(kinda)≠highkey seldom=rarement puzzled= perplexe feat= exploit tough-looking= costaud neglect= négligence/ négliger a channel= un détroit crosswalk= passage piéton matted= emmêlés a sore= une plaie scavenger= charognard a fan= ventilateur short-tempered= colérique embroider= broder dump= une décharge heap=tas leaflet= brochure tract flyer dusk=crepuscule boast= brag blow up=exploser premises= locaux feud= querelle creed= croyance whip= fouetter shrine = sanctuaire oak=chêne oath=serment blood test, blood sample = prise de sang wrought = forgé overthrow=renverser to flash= clignoter a turn signal = un clignotant ghastly = épouvantable horrible affreux sweatpants= joggers hankerchief= mouchoir dreadful= terrible épouvantable atonement= expiation, redemption popy= coquelicot turtleneck = col roulé safety pins= épingles à nourrice soak= imbiber, faire tremper floss= fil dentaire scum= ecume, racaille, ordure make-believe= imaginaire mousy= timide, terne bouds-> boundaries= barrières, frontières dumplings adamant a fuss brat punk weary thread gasp midget(offensive)= dwarf escapism = evasion forlorn = desespéré, abandonné, triste binoculars= jumellles amphitheater, lecture theater =amphi midwife=sage femme neckline= décolleté low-neck t-shirt= un t-shirt décolleté prise= a plug interrupteur = a switch robinet = a tap ardoise= slat s'adoucir=to soften crainte= awe apprehension= trepidation fearfulness =peur crainte meticulously sacoche = satchel cavalier = a horse rider gaze glare look etc une ouverture = an opening, an aperture stetoscope = stetoscope rapière= rapier forsake= abandonner makeover = relooking keep it up= maintenir, continuer (comme ça) a ray= une raie repasser = ironing fer à repasser= iron cloths ironing board= planche à repasser flashlight= lampe torche stroller= poussette can you give me a lift= can you give me a ride agrafeuse= stapler trombone(music) = trombone trombone= paper clip cardboard = carton backbeat= contretemps winding= enroulement, sinueux, tortueux bouillotte= heating pad sopalin = paper towel braindead= abrutis, demeuré gant de toilette= washcloth lave vaisselle= dishwasher machine à laver= washing machine loofah = fleur de douche smirk= sourire en coin, narquois a grin= un large sourire a wry smile=sourire ironique a beam smile= un sourire rayonnant torchon = a rag turd= 💩 riddle= énigme, devinette bonds=lien ≠ bounds= limites prowess= prouesse ordeal= épreuve, calvaire undergo= subir, être soumis edgy= nerveux, avant-gardiste audacieux footage= séquence, image, video roll your eyes prison cell= cellule crever qqchose= poke something hasard = chance poke an eye out= crever un oeil slip knot= noeud coulant valuable = précieux, objet précieux coton swab= coton-tige heater,radiator = radiateur boiler= chaudière glimpse= apperçu mainstream= grand public rois mage= three wise men paille = straw hay= foin creche = Christmas crib la messe = mass appetizer= apéritif USB key( or flash) clé usb lame= nul inn= auberge the laundry= la lessive laundry detergent = lessive test tube= tube à essai fur= fourrure shingles=herpes= herpès tiles= carrelage tile roof/shingle= tuiles pipes= pipes/tuyaux wellness= bien être palate= palais(bouche) wisdom teeth= dents de sagesse to be set appart calvitie= hair loss machine gun saucer = soucoupe enable drain to file= limer bump= une bosse strips= rayures scratches = rayures griffes= claw howl= hurler to rear= se cabrer to bolt= se ruer abhorred= abhorré, détester bespeak= temoigner de anguish= angoisse unearthly= unnatural uncanny = étrange, troublant begone= va t en scarcely = a peine, rarement to sport= wear (proudly) annihilation= anéantissement spurn= rejeter misdeed= méfait fiend= demon bliss= bonheur, beatitude bestowed= accorder, donner, conférer maw= gueule animal deck= pont terrasse= terrace ordonnance= prescription raccrocher= hang up≠ pick up= décroché fuguer = run away warehouse= entrepôt talon= heel 🤦‍♀️ foie=liver baver, bave= drool run off= ruissellement, fuite cleavage= décolleté public transport figurine= figurine tie (up)= attach flow= ecouler/ment,flux hem= ourlet shackles lumberjack= bucheron salopette = overall to mend= raccommoder, réparer grated(to grate)=râpés, râper a grater= une râpe heckling= chahut, interpellation a mop= une serpillière out of whack= détraqué, hors de contrôle, chamboulé=doesnt work normally wracked= ravagé, déchiré to follow suit= faire de même, emboiter le pas take over= prendre le contrôle gear= engrenage ⚙️ boiler = chaudière foolhardy= téméraire meddlesome= indiscrète shimmer= scintiller, briller glimmer= lueur, étincelle trout= truite le hoquet= hiccups groundhog= marmot= marmotte a mole= une taupe squeaky= grinçant squeaky clean= irreproachable, blanc comme neige, clean turmoil flip-flops= claquettes tongs 🩴 calf= mollet/ veau harvest= recolter collect sort out= trier play pretend= jouer a faire semblant cumbersome= bulky = encombrant païens= pagans ferrets= furets drowsy load upload flashy platypus =ornithorynque egerie first off= firstly loathsome stick out your tongue = tirer la langue 😛 butchery= boucherie pharmacy chemist chimiste bookstore= librairie red trail = piste rouge stoop= se baisser/ perron restraint= restriction/ contrainte vb= restrain windowpane= vitre/ carreau pane= vitre windpipe = trachea (trekia) huffing= souffler/ sniffer/ raler spew= cracher, degueler graft= greffe/er slot= fente spill the beans = cracher le morceau snog= rouler une pelle courbatures= muscle soreness écœurant= cloying cul sec= bottoms up/ down in one cul de sac= dead end receipt= reçu/ facture short attention span = faible capacité d'attention wreckage= epave/ debris gut= intestin boyaux bladder=vessie plump= repulpant, charnu dodu yawn 🥱 pue= pus cloques = blisters cataplasme= cataplasm to gag= relent, reflexe vomitif plaster= le plâtre cast= un platre (jambe cassée ) tampon/ner = stamp (to stamp) timbre= stamp sauvegarder = save, safeguard, back up etre pressé= be in a rush/hurry lianes = liana sangsues = leeches litchi= lychee deed= acte (ex de propriété) chocolate milk= chocolat au lait off my face insure un coffre caveman = homme de cromagnon too little to late salt shaker tap dance = claquette subtle (sutle) a demonstration= manif sole=semelle attic= grenier l taky= ringard, vulgaire a peak= un coup d'oeil whacked = frappe ou épuisé deeds=actes blast=explosion

Protective Tariffs Taxes on imported goods that helped Northern industry but hurt the Southern export economy Foreign Relations (William Seward) Seward pushed for U.S. global power through diplomacy and expansion Treaty of Kanagawa Agreement allowing U.S. ships to trade with Japan to open markets and project power Seward's Icebox (Alaska Purchase) Seward's purchase of Alaska, mocked but expanded U.S. territory Burlingame Treaty Protected U.S. missionaries in China and encouraged Chinese immigration Railroads Connected the nation, boosted communication, economy, and travel Munn v. Illinois Allowed states to regulate railroads for the public good Gold Standard Monetary system valuing currency only in gold, replacing bimetallism Crime of 1873 (Coinage Act) Ended silver coinage, angering miners and debtors Homestead Act Granted 160 acres in the West to settlers who farmed it for 5 years Morrill Act Provided federal land for new Western colleges Long Drive Cowboys herding cattle to railroads for transport Exodusters African Americans moving West to escape Southern racism Life in the West Harsh farming conditions: bad weather, no irrigation, small plots Yellowstone/National Parks Land protected for beauty, recreation, and conservation Sand Creek Massacre U.S. attack on Cheyenne; major Native casualties Fetterman Massacre Native victory over U.S. forces (Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho) Battle of Little Bighorn Native victory; Custer's Last Stand Wounded Knee Massacre U.S. victory; last major Native conflict Ghost Dance Movement Native spiritual revival to restore their land and culture Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Ruled Congress could ignore past treaties with Natives Dawes Severalty Act Broke up Native land to force assimilation Frederick Jackson Turner Wrote Frontier Thesis: American identity shaped by Western conquest Summary (Chapter 16) U.S. expanded internationally and developed the West, causing conflicts with Natives and policies to assimilate them Vertical Integration Company controls all steps of production (Swift) Horizontal Integration Company buys out competitors by cutting prices (Rockefeller) Trusts Groups of companies managed as one, often creating monopolies Shift in Management Dividing company tasks into specialized departments Skilled vs. Unskilled Workers Skilled workers replaced by cheaper, repetitive unskilled labor Scientific Management System rewarding faster work; workers follow orders exactly Old Immigrants Immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany (Protestant, English-speaking) New Immigrants Immigrants from Southern/Eastern Europe; Catholic/Jewish, poor, non-English-speaking Chinese Exclusion Act Banned Chinese immigration and blocked citizenship Great Railroad Strike Major labor strike showing power of unions and worker unrest Henry George Criticized industrialization for causing poverty Greenback Labor Party Wanted more money in circulation and worker protections Producerism Belief that workers create value while owners exploit labor Granger Laws Early railroad regulations; weak enforcement Knights of Labor Inclusive union; against child labor, trusts; preferred gov intervention Haymarket Protest Violent clash causing decline in labor union popularity Farmers' Alliance Farmers fighting for railroad regulation and economic reform Hatch Act Funded agricultural research and education Interstate Commerce Act Created ICC to regulate railroads (weak enforcement) Closed Shop Workers must join union to be hired AFL (American Federation of Labor) Craft union fighting for basic improvements (wages, hours) Tactics Against Unions Lockouts, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, militias, court orders Homestead & Pullman Strikes Violent labor strikes revealing worker frustration Summary (Chapter 17) Industrial growth created monopolies, immigration waves, harsh labor conditions, and rising union movements Consumer Culture Growth of leisure shopping among wealthy Americans Plessy v. Ferguson Court ruling allowing "separate but equal" segregation Jim Crow Laws State laws enforcing racial segregation YMCA Organization helping young men/immigrants adjust to urban life Negro Leagues Black baseball leagues excluded from white leagues Sierra Club Organization promoting mountain and wilderness protection National Park Service Federal agency managing national parks Antiquities Act Allowed presidents to protect land as national monuments National Audubon Society Conservation group protecting wildlife Solitude of Self Stanton's argument for women's individual rights Comstock Act Banned distribution of birth control and sexual information Booker T. Washington Promoted industrial education and gradual racial progress Tuskegee Institute Washington's school for practical, industrial training Atlanta Compromise Speech encouraging economic progress over immediate equality Education Expansion New colleges created via Morrill Act and philanthropy Liberal Arts New academic fields like economics, poli sci, and astronomy WCTU Women's reform group fighting for temperance and social issues National Association of Colored Women Black women aiding communities and promoting reform NAWSA Major women's suffrage movement Anti-Suffragists Opposed women's voting rights, claiming it was too costly Feminism Movement for full social, political, economic equality Social Darwinism Belief that rich succeed because of strength; poor fail because lazy Eugenics Movement to control reproduction to create "better" population Modernism/Naturalism Artistic movements challenging traditional ideas American Protective Association Anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish nativist group Social Gospel Protestant reform movement helping the poor Fundamentalism Religious movement focusing on literal Bible interpretation Summary (Chapter 18) Industrialization fueled consumer culture, conservation, racial segregation, women's activism, immigration tension, and new social/religious ideas Waving the Bloody Shirt Republican strategy blaming Democrats for Civil War Political Machines Urban organizations controlling politics through corruption and immigrant support Solid South Democratic dominance in Southern states Williams v. Mississippi Allowed literacy tests and poll taxes; suppressed Black voters Stalwarts Republicans supporting spoils system Half-Breeds Republicans wanting merit-based gov jobs Mugwumps Reform Republicans who backed Cleveland Pendleton Act Replaced spoils system with civil service exams Election of 1884 Cleveland (Dem.) beats Blaine with Mugwump support Silverites Farmers wanting more silver coinage for cheaper money supply Gold Bugs Bankers favoring gold standard Coinage Act of 1873 Ended silver currency; angered farmers/miners Bland-Allison & Sherman Acts Required gov to buy silver, briefly restoring bimetallism Tariffs (Gilded Age) High tariffs debated between farmers and industry Populism Farmers' movement demanding political/economic reforms Omaha Platform Populist demands (income tax, direct election, RR ownership, 8-hour day) Wisconsin Plan Initiative, referendum, recall (direct democracy reforms) Panic of 1893 Major economic crash from railroad failures Coxey's Army Jobless march demanding federal jobs End of Bimetallism Silver value collapses; gold standard restored Summary (Chapter 19) Gilded Age politics were corrupt and divided, leading to Populist reforms and major debates over money, tariffs, and government power