Untitled Flashcards Set

Absolutely! Let’s organize a concise review sheet based on the key topics and questions you provided. Here’s how it might look:

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Exam Review: Reform and U.S. Becomes a World Power (1865–1920)

### Labor Unions

1. Knights of Labor: Broad membership, sought major societal reforms, used strikes sparingly.

2. American Federation of Labor (AFL): Focused on skilled workers, "bread and butter" issues (wages, hours, conditions).

3. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): Militant tactics, united all workers for revolutionary goals.

Key Labor Events:

- Homestead Lockout (1892): Steel industry, violent clash, weakened union influence.

- Pullman Strike (1894): Wage cuts & layoffs, federal intervention, set precedent for labor disputes.

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### Farmers and Populism

1. Farmer Complaints:

- Low crop prices.

- High railroad rates (monopolies).

- Debt cycles.

2. Solutions:

- Regulation: Granger Laws, Interstate Commerce Act (1887).

- Political movement: Populist Party, free silver, graduated income tax.

3. Populists' Legacy:

- Expanded role of government in the economy (precursor to Progressivism).

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### Urbanization and Cities

1. Growth Factors:

- New immigration (Southern & Eastern Europe).

- Industrial jobs.

- Infrastructure (electricity, transport).

2. Problems:

- Overcrowding, sanitation, corruption (**Boss Tweed**, Tammany Hall).

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### Progressivism

- Ideological Roots: Social Gospel, muckraking journalism (e.g., Jacob Riis, Lincoln Steffens).

- Reforms:

- Trusts: Sherman Antitrust Act, Theodore Roosevelt’s policies.

- Labor: Court cases like Lochner v. NY (worker rights).

- Environment: Preservation (**John Muir**) vs. Conservation (**Roosevelt**).

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### U.S. Foreign Policy

1. Spanish-American War:

- Causes: Teller Amendment, Cuban independence.

- Outcomes: Platt Amendment, Philippines annexation debate (**Aguinaldo uprising**).

2. WWI:

- U.S. Entry: Economic ties to Allies, Lusitania, Zimmerman Note.

- Civil Liberties: Schenck v. U.S. (limits on free speech).

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