apush unit 5

Industrial union: workers in the same industry performing different jobs (semi-skilled and unskilled workers, usually)

Trade union: skilled workers all performing the same job (e.g. electricians, plumbers , carpenters)

Collective bargaining: how unions negotiate, they negotiate with employers as a group rather than as individuals 

Knights of Labor: Uriah Stephens and Terrence Powderly, industrial union, welcomed all workers (did not discriminate), wanted higher wages, better working conditions, and supported broader goals like ending child/convict labor, worker owned factories), opposed strikes 

American Federation of Labor: led by Samuel Gompers, trade union, skilled workers only (discriminatory), “bread and butter issues,” greater willingness to strike if collective bargaining didn’t work

Samuel Gompers: founder/president of AFL

“Bread and butter issues”: higher wages, shorter working hours, better working conditions

Haymarket incident: originally peaceful strike at the McCormick Reaper, the Knights of Labor held a demonstration to support the workers. There were anarchists in the crowd, the police came in to break the demonstration, and someone threw a bomb. This eventually shut down the Knights of Labor, Unions were then associated with Radicalism

Homestead Lockout: The Carnegie Steel Company was located in Homestead, PA, where the people were protected by Unions. The Union demanded for higher wages, which came to Carnegie while he was in Scotland, and he refused because higher wages meant lower profits. He planned to break the power of Unions at Homestead, and gave Frick instructions to cut the wages. The steel workers refused to accept this and striked, and Frick responded by locking them out. He then hired the Pinkertons to help fight the workers, which became a huge fight in the entire town, and this was eventually put down by state militia. 

Pullman Strike: the Pullman company (railroad car manufacturing) started lowering labor costs during the depression of 1893, which led to a strike by the American Railway Union, led by Eugene Debs. The government often sided with management, in the Pullman strike the president sent in troops to move trains. 

Eugene Debs: led the Pullman strike, jailed, then read Marx’ writings in jail and became America’s most popular socialist leader.

Socialist Party of America: political party (not a Union), worker’s compensation/disability insurance, unemployment insurance, 8 hour work day, government ownership of all key industries (railroads, banking, oil, steel, etc.), an end to war

Jacob Riis: Muckraker, famous for using photography to document the conditions of many impoverished communities in the early 20th century. 

Social Gospel: Christian principles to the issues of social justice, focus on environmental factors causing poverty

Jane Addams: established Hull House, one of the first settlement houses in the U.S., worked to improve the lives of the immigrants and the urban poor. 

Settlement House Movement: aimed to improve living conditions for immigrants and the poor by providing services like education, healthcare and legal aid

Boss Tweed: disgraced American politician who was convicted for stealing millions of dollars from NYC taxpayers through political corruption; head of Tammany Hall

Thomas Nast: political cartoonist who exposed the exploitations of the Tweed ring, criticized Southern efforts to stop Reconstruction, made fun of labor unions, created the animal symbols of democrat and republican parties

Lincoln Steffens: muckraker who exposed corruption in American cities and advocated for reform

“New Immigration”: new wave of immigrants who came after the 1890s, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe

******* The Grange: farmers movement allowing the farmers to move into “granges” for their political and economic advantages

******* Granger Laws: regulated railroads and other middlemen

Munn v. Illinois: states can regulate grain elevators (Public interest supersedes property rights)

Wabash v. Illinois: states cannot regulate businesses that are interstate in nature--only feds can

Interstate Commerce Act: first federal regulation of businesses, prohibited pooling and certain types of price discrimination

Sherman Antitrust Act: prohibited monopolies and other business combinations that “restrained interstate commerce”

Populist Party: political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite

Free silver: advocated for the free coinage of silver

Graduated income tax: tax rate increases as person’s income increases

William Jennings Bryan: claimed the gold standard is crucifying the common man, populists endorsed him 

“Cross of Gold Speech”: the gold standard is crucifying the common man

Progressivism: early 20th century reform movement, sought to solve problems caused by industrialization and urbanization by expanding the role/authority of government over the economy. Reforms driven largely by urban, middle class professionals

Muckrakers: in the Progressive Era—exposed corruption and attack abuses of power in business and government. 

Scientific management: Taylorism, applied efficiency principles to government

Pragmatism: rejects approaching problems through a lens of a particular political/economic ideology. “Whatever works is likely true,” results driven approach. William James, John Dewey

John Muir: naturalist who believed the wilderness should be stored in its natural state

Preservationism: maintain the natural environment as it is, keep it pristine

Conservation: balance between development and protection, set aside millions of acres for protection, Newlands Act (irrigation projects in the southwest)

***** Theodore Roosevelt: New Nationalism (expand power of federal government/executive branch to promote Progressive Goals); Progressive “Bull Moose”

***** Woodrow Wilson: Democrat, “New Freedom,” take down “Triple Wall of Privilege”

Lochner v. NY: states cannot limit workers’ hours, infringes on right to contract 

****** Muller v. OR: states can limit hours of female workers 

Hammer v. Dagenhart: deemed the Keating-Owen Act unconstitutional

16th Amendment: Income tax

17th Amendment: direct election of senators

Carrie Chapman Catt: leading figure in fighting for women’s suffrage, helped with the 19th Amendment 

Alice Paul: big suffragette and feminist

19th Amendment: women’s suffrage 

Alfred Thayer Mahan: the most effective apostle of imperialism, his thesis was that nations with sea power were the great nations of history. Great sea power required colonies, spo he believed that we should get defensive bases in the Caribbean, Hawaii, and the Pacific. He did work to expand the navy. 

“White Man’s Burden”: duty for white people to impose themselves on nonwhite people whom they believed to be inferior

Teller Amendment: swore off any intentions to occupy, possess, or control Cuba after a future victory against the Spanish. 

Spanish American War: known as a “splendid little war.” 

Treaty of Paris (1898): confirmed the terms of the armistice and brought a formal end to the Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment: Cuba made a constitution that did not reference the United States, so the U.S. responded by pressuring Cuba to incorporate otis terms into their constitution.

• barred cuba from making treaties with other countries

• gave the u.s. the right to intervene in cuba to preserve independence, life and property

• permitted American naval stations on Cuban territory

Aguinaldo Insurrection: Emilio Aguinaldo claimed to head the legitimate government of the nation, and rebelled against Spanish and American rule

Big Stick Policy: go about your business peacefully, but if there was a valuable opportunity, or if something looked troublesome, the U.S. might exercise it’s military right

• used as a rationale for Latin America

Roosevelt Corollary: also known as the Monroe Doctrine, the U.S. had the right to oppose European intervention in the Western Hemisphere, and also intervene in the domestic affairs of the neighbors proven unable to maintain order and national sovereignty of their own

Panama Canal: accomplishment of Roosevelt’s presidency, linked the Atlantic and Pacific from a channel through Central America

• colombians would not let Americans build the canal, but a Panamanian revolution occurred and the new Panamanian government agreed to have the canal constructed

Great White Fleet: a group of 16 white ships on a cruise around the world to display the nation’s naval power

Dollar diplomacy: William Howard Taft, Roosevelt's successor, also wanted to advance American economic interests in Latin America, but he showed little interest in Roosevelt’s larger vision of world stability. He worked aggressively to extend American investments in less-developed regions. This was known by critics as dollar diplomacy. 

Moral Diplomacy: support is only given to countries whose beliefs are analogous to that of the nation

World War I: major powers divided into 2 separate alliances: Allies and Central Powers

Lusitania: British passenger ship that was sunk by a German u-boat

Sussex Pledge: promise made by Germany to stop sinking passenger ships without warning or the U.S. would go to war with them. This delayed Wilson’s involvement in the war and was used to increase his popularity and win the election of 1916. This promise was later broken. 

Zimmerman Note: telegram sent from Germany to Mexico, claiming that if they attacked the U.S. they would regain New Mexico and the other states they lost in the Mexican-American War. This was caught by the British and redirected to the U.S. and Wilson, it increased anti-German sentiments and resulted in Wilson declaring war. 

Creel Committee: Woodrow Wilson created this committee to help increase support for the American war effort. They created war propaganda that showed it as a crusade for freedom. This increased patriotism in America and anti-German sentiments, and after the war, these sentiments were directed to immigrants and socialists.

Schenck v. United States: Schenck, the general of the U.S. socialist party, sent out pamphlets saying that the draft should be illegal because it violated the 13th amendment. He was then arrested and the case was taken to the supreme court. The court ruled that if there is a clear and present danger, it's okay to prohibit free speech.

Treaty of Versailles: treaty signed in Versailles to end WWI. It forced Germany to pay a large amount of reparations, admit total responsibility over the war, disarm their military, but this devastated their economy and humiliated them. Few of Wilson’s points were acknowledged in the treaty, it created the League of Nations but didn’t promote peace or seek an end to imperialism. 

League of Nations: international peacekeeping organization after WWI. 

Reservationists: group of senators led by Henry Cabot who refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles unless their proposed changes were achieved—opposition led to the treaty not being ratified

Irreconcilables: 14 senators who refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles because they didn’t want to join the League. Their opposition led to the treaty not being ratified

Red Scare: immense fear of Communism in America (1919-20), there was labor unrest, terrorist attacks, and a lot of hate on immigrants and xenophobia.