Results for "Double Helix"

The Race for the Double Helix

Chapter 9 Discovery of the Double Helix

The Structure of DNA - The Double Helix

Structure of DNA double helix

II: DNA DOUBLE HELIX

2: three forms of double helix

Genotype: The genes that control a particular trait ex) homozygous dominant BB, heterozygous Bb Biological exponential growth: When resources are unlimited, a population can experience exponential growth, where its size increases at a greater and greater rate. Phenotype: The observable physical characteristics of an organism ex) purple flower Patterns of dispersion: The spatial distribution of individuals within a population is called dispersion. 1. Uniform distribution: Equidistant from each other, may result from social interactions such as competition and territoriality. Penguins! 2. Clumped distribution: Individuals are clustered together in herds/flocks Elephants! 3. Random distribution: Dominant: Trait is always expressed as the dominant trait if one connected allele is dominant. Species interactions: Competition (-/-) Predation (+/-) Mutualism (+/+) Commensalism (+/0) Parasitism (+/-) Recessive Adaptation: Process driven by natural selection, where a recessive trait becomes more prevalent in a population over time due to its beneficial effects in a specific environment. Codon: Sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid on mRNA. There are 64 codons for 20 amino acids. More than 1 codon can code for 1 amino acid. Nucleotides can be: A, C, G, U DNA: A nucleic acid of two linked strands wounded in a double helix shape. The helix shape comprises a backbone of deoxyribose sugar and phosphates that link the sugars together. The nitrogenous bases lie in the inside of the double helix, purines A and G pair with pyrimidines T and C. A-T C-G Anticodon: An anticodon is the complementary sequence to a codon in mRNA that is found in tRNA. Transcription DNA, mRNA (nucleus) Translation mRNA, tRNA, Protein (ribosome) Codon: AUG Anticodon: UAC Speciation: Process by which new species emerge from an existing one. Allopatric Speciation: Formation of new species due to geographic isolation, populations begin to differ from genetic drift. Sympatric Speciation: Formation of new species due to reproductive isolation from behavioral differences. Spontaneous generation: Simpler forms of life were generated from spontaneous generations…organisms can ‘spawn’ from nonliving matter. Logistic growth: Due to limiting factors within a population. The growth rate of a population will start high and then decline as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. Species Biotic vs abiotic = Living vs nonliving Levels of organization in ecology Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere DNA replication Population density: Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area. 10% rule: k Carrying capacity: Maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support indefinitely Limiting factor: A limiting factor is a factor that restricts the growth or survival of a population. Limiting factors can be either density-dependent (e.g., competition for resources) or density-independent (e.g., natural disasters). Density-dependent (due to its density) vs independent factors (regardless of its density) Interdependence: The interconnectedness of organisms in their surroundings and with the abiotic factors of their environment

Double Helix of deoxyribonucleic acid

2.5 Mononucleotide, DNA & RNA structure & H bonds in double helix

DNA - The Double Helix review questions

MCB2021F structure of DNA double helix

bio 1511 - 7.1 DNA Is a Double Helix

DNA - The Double Helix (FINAL)

Chapter 17: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

1a & 1b - Introduction & Double Helix

4 main classes of macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids whats the difference between polymers and monomers? a monomer is 1 building block, a polymer is many monomers what is the reactant of dehydration synthesis? product? reactant is 2 or more monomers, the product is a polymer what is the reactant of hydrolysis? product? reactant is a polymer, the product are monomers Common name for Carbohydrates? glucose monomers of carbohydrates monosaccharides What type of bonds do monosaccharides form? glycosidic linkage What do we call two monomers joined together by one of these bonds? polysaccharide How are polysaccharides used in the body? either as building blocks or energy reserves What polysaccharide is used by plants? What is it composed of? Glucose, entirely of glucose monomers What polysaccharide is used by animals? What is it composed of? Glycogen, highly branched glucose Differentiate between alpha and beta linkages. alpha has OH below, beta has OH above What type of carbohydrates have alpha/beta linkages? glucose monomers, cellulose, and starch What qualities do starch gain from its alpha linkages? makes a helix shape and lets it connect What qualities do cellulose gain from its beta linkages? Makes a linear shape What is chitin? Where is it found? Structural polysaccharide found in cell wall of fungi and arthropods. What type of linkages does chitin have? beta linkages . Why don't lipids have an affinity for water? non-polar Describe the composition of a fat. they are made up of glycerol and fatty acids What is the composition of a triglyceride? a glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids How is a triglyceride formed? What type of bonds? 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis saturated fatty acids Saturated had hydrogen bonds at every position and no carbon carbon bonds Unsaturated fatty acids unsaturated has carbon- carbon bonds and have a kink in the skeleton What property of unsaturated acids makes them liquid at room temperature? they are bent Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids have a lower melting point? saturated What is the main function of fats? What makes them so good at this? they store twice the amount of energy that carbohydrate do Describe the structure and function of a phospholipid. glycerol connected to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate, forms the cell wall What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic? tails What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic? head Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in a membrane. Why do phospholipids arrange themselves in such a way? They make a bilayer, tail avoid water inside Describe the structure of a steroid. 4 fused carbon rings What are some examples of steroids? cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone What are some functions of proteins? structure, support, storage, transport, defense, movement What are the monomers of proteins? amino acids What 4 things are attached to the central carbon of the amino acid? hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, R variable What is the significance of the R group? determine the characteristics of an amino acids How are amino acids joined? dehydration synthesis What type of bond is formed between the amino acids? peptide bonds What are the names of the two ends of the polypeptide chain of amino acids? n and c terminals How do the two ends of the polypeptide chain get their names? n has a free amino group, c has a free carboxyl group How do proteins form from a polypeptide chain? interactions in the polypeptide make the polypeptide chain and different amino acids form What type of bond is formed in a polypeptide chain? peptide bond Define primary structure. order of amino acids Define secondary structure. What holds it together? coiled and folded shaped bond, hydrogen bonds Describe an alpha helix. What holds it together? a coil, every 4th amino acid has a hydrogen bond Describe a beta pleated sheet. What holds it together? a folding shape, hydrogen bonds hold it in the parallel peptide backbones Describe tertiary structure. 3d shape of a protein determined by the r group How to sulfhydryl groups contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein? strong covalent bonds/disulfide bridges How does quaternary structure arise? aggregation of 2 or more polypeptides How is quaternary different from tertiary? has 4 different polypeptides What factors can lead to the denaturation of proteins? physical and chemical condition of its environment How might this affect the function of the protein? it becomes biologically inactive What is the function of chaperonins? they help fold proteins What might happen if chaperonins don't function properly? it can lead to diseases What are the two types of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA What are nucleic acids monomers? nucleotides Describe the path that information taken from DNA to protein. DNA Gives information to RNA, RNA makes proteins Describe the makeup of a nucleotide. a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group What are the four bases of DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Distinguish between purines and pyrimidines. Purines have 1 6 ringed side and one 5 ringed side, Pyrimidines have 1 ring with 6 sides Which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines? Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine sugar pentose for rna? ribose sugar pentose for DNA? deoxyribose does not have oxygen on carbon 2 What type of bonds are formed between nucleotides? Where on the nucleotide are these bonds formed? phosphodiester bonds, the OH 3 end connects to the phosphate 5 end Describe the double helix of DNA. What's on the inside? What's on the outside? sugar phosphate backbone outside, nitrogenous bases inside What holds the double helix of DNA together? hydrogen bonds How does the cell ensure the DNA will copy correctly? each strand acts likea template What distinguishes RNA from DNA? uracil and single stranded

4 main classes of macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids whats the difference between polymers and monomers? a monomer is 1 building block, a polymer is many monomers what is the reactant of dehydration synthesis? product? reactant is 2 or more monomers, the product is a polymer what is the reactant of hydrolysis? product? reactant is a polymer, the product are monomers Common name for Carbohydrates? glucose monomers of carbohydrates monosaccharides What type of bonds do monosaccharides form? glycosidic linkage What do we call two monomers joined together by one of these bonds? polysaccharide How are polysaccharides used in the body? either as building blocks or energy reserves What polysaccharide is used by plants? What is it composed of? Glucose, entirely of glucose monomers What polysaccharide is used by animals? What is it composed of? Glycogen, highly branched glucose Differentiate between alpha and beta linkages. alpha has OH below, beta has OH above What type of carbohydrates have alpha/beta linkages? glucose monomers, cellulose, and starch What qualities do starch gain from its alpha linkages? makes a helix shape and lets it connect What qualities do cellulose gain from its beta linkages? Makes a linear shape What is chitin? Where is it found? Structural polysaccharide found in cell wall of fungi and arthropods. What type of linkages does chitin have? beta linkages . Why don't lipids have an affinity for water? non-polar Describe the composition of a fat. they are made up of glycerol and fatty acids What is the composition of a triglyceride? a glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids How is a triglyceride formed? What type of bonds? 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis saturated fatty acids Saturated had hydrogen bonds at every position and no carbon carbon bonds Unsaturated fatty acids unsaturated has carbon- carbon bonds and have a kink in the skeleton What property of unsaturated acids makes them liquid at room temperature? they are bent Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids have a lower melting point? saturated What is the main function of fats? What makes them so good at this? they store twice the amount of energy that carbohydrate do Describe the structure and function of a phospholipid. glycerol connected to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate, forms the cell wall What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic? tails What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic? head Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in a membrane. Why do phospholipids arrange themselves in such a way? They make a bilayer, tail avoid water inside Describe the structure of a steroid. 4 fused carbon rings What are some examples of steroids? cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone What are some functions of proteins? structure, support, storage, transport, defense, movement What are the monomers of proteins? amino acids What 4 things are attached to the central carbon of the amino acid? hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, R variable What is the significance of the R group? determine the characteristics of an amino acids How are amino acids joined? dehydration synthesis What type of bond is formed between the amino acids? peptide bonds What are the names of the two ends of the polypeptide chain of amino acids? n and c terminals How do the two ends of the polypeptide chain get their names? n has a free amino group, c has a free carboxyl group How do proteins form from a polypeptide chain? interactions in the polypeptide make the polypeptide chain and different amino acids form What type of bond is formed in a polypeptide chain? peptide bond Define primary structure. order of amino acids Define secondary structure. What holds it together? coiled and folded shaped bond, hydrogen bonds Describe an alpha helix. What holds it together? a coil, every 4th amino acid has a hydrogen bond Describe a beta pleated sheet. What holds it together? a folding shape, hydrogen bonds hold it in the parallel peptide backbones Describe tertiary structure. 3d shape of a protein determined by the r group How to sulfhydryl groups contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein? strong covalent bonds/disulfide bridges How does quaternary structure arise? aggregation of 2 or more polypeptides How is quaternary different from tertiary? has 4 different polypeptides What factors can lead to the denaturation of proteins? physical and chemical condition of its environment How might this affect the function of the protein? it becomes biologically inactive What is the function of chaperonins? they help fold proteins What might happen if chaperonins don't function properly? it can lead to diseases What are the two types of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA What are nucleic acids monomers? nucleotides Describe the path that information taken from DNA to protein. DNA Gives information to RNA, RNA makes proteins Describe the makeup of a nucleotide. a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group What are the four bases of DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Distinguish between purines and pyrimidines. Purines have 1 6 ringed side and one 5 ringed side, Pyrimidines have 1 ring with 6 sides Which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines? Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine sugar pentose for rna? ribose sugar pentose for DNA? deoxyribose does not have oxygen on carbon 2 What type of bonds are formed between nucleotides? Where on the nucleotide are these bonds formed? phosphodiester bonds, the OH 3 end connects to the phosphate 5 end Describe the double helix of DNA. What's on the inside? What's on the outside? sugar phosphate backbone outside, nitrogenous bases inside What holds the double helix of DNA together? hydrogen bonds How does the cell ensure the DNA will copy correctly? each strand acts likea template What distinguishes RNA from DNA? uracil and single stranded

4 main classes of macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids whats the difference between polymers and monomers? a monomer is 1 building block, a polymer is many monomers what is the reactant of dehydration synthesis? product? reactant is 2 or more monomers, the product is a polymer what is the reactant of hydrolysis? product? reactant is a polymer, the product are monomers Common name for Carbohydrates? glucose monomers of carbohydrates monosaccharides What type of bonds do monosaccharides form? glycosidic linkage What do we call two monomers joined together by one of these bonds? polysaccharide How are polysaccharides used in the body? either as building blocks or energy reserves What polysaccharide is used by plants? What is it composed of? Glucose, entirely of glucose monomers What polysaccharide is used by animals? What is it composed of? Glycogen, highly branched glucose Differentiate between alpha and beta linkages. alpha has OH below, beta has OH above What type of carbohydrates have alpha/beta linkages? glucose monomers, cellulose, and starch What qualities do starch gain from its alpha linkages? makes a helix shape and lets it connect What qualities do cellulose gain from its beta linkages? Makes a linear shape What is chitin? Where is it found? Structural polysaccharide found in cell wall of fungi and arthropods. What type of linkages does chitin have? beta linkages . Why don't lipids have an affinity for water? non-polar Describe the composition of a fat. they are made up of glycerol and fatty acids What is the composition of a triglyceride? a glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids How is a triglyceride formed? What type of bonds? 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis saturated fatty acids Saturated had hydrogen bonds at every position and no carbon carbon bonds Unsaturated fatty acids unsaturated has carbon- carbon bonds and have a kink in the skeleton What property of unsaturated acids makes them liquid at room temperature? they are bent Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids have a lower melting point? saturated What is the main function of fats? What makes them so good at this? they store twice the amount of energy that carbohydrate do Describe the structure and function of a phospholipid. glycerol connected to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate, forms the cell wall What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic? tails What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic? head Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in a membrane. Why do phospholipids arrange themselves in such a way? They make a bilayer, tail avoid water inside Describe the structure of a steroid. 4 fused carbon rings What are some examples of steroids? cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone What are some functions of proteins? structure, support, storage, transport, defense, movement What are the monomers of proteins? amino acids What 4 things are attached to the central carbon of the amino acid? hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, R variable What is the significance of the R group? determine the characteristics of an amino acids How are amino acids joined? dehydration synthesis What type of bond is formed between the amino acids? peptide bonds What are the names of the two ends of the polypeptide chain of amino acids? n and c terminals How do the two ends of the polypeptide chain get their names? n has a free amino group, c has a free carboxyl group How do proteins form from a polypeptide chain? interactions in the polypeptide make the polypeptide chain and different amino acids form What type of bond is formed in a polypeptide chain? peptide bond Define primary structure. order of amino acids Define secondary structure. What holds it together? coiled and folded shaped bond, hydrogen bonds Describe an alpha helix. What holds it together? a coil, every 4th amino acid has a hydrogen bond Describe a beta pleated sheet. What holds it together? a folding shape, hydrogen bonds hold it in the parallel peptide backbones Describe tertiary structure. 3d shape of a protein determined by the r group How to sulfhydryl groups contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein? strong covalent bonds/disulfide bridges How does quaternary structure arise? aggregation of 2 or more polypeptides How is quaternary different from tertiary? has 4 different polypeptides What factors can lead to the denaturation of proteins? physical and chemical condition of its environment How might this affect the function of the protein? it becomes biologically inactive What is the function of chaperonins? they help fold proteins What might happen if chaperonins don't function properly? it can lead to diseases What are the two types of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA What are nucleic acids monomers? nucleotides Describe the path that information taken from DNA to protein. DNA Gives information to RNA, RNA makes proteins Describe the makeup of a nucleotide. a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group What are the four bases of DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Distinguish between purines and pyrimidines. Purines have 1 6 ringed side and one 5 ringed side, Pyrimidines have 1 ring with 6 sides Which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines? Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine sugar pentose for rna? ribose sugar pentose for DNA? deoxyribose does not have oxygen on carbon 2 What type of bonds are formed between nucleotides? Where on the nucleotide are these bonds formed? phosphodiester bonds, the OH 3 end connects to the phosphate 5 end Describe the double helix of DNA. What's on the inside? What's on the outside? sugar phosphate backbone outside, nitrogenous bases inside What holds the double helix of DNA together? hydrogen bonds How does the cell ensure the DNA will copy correctly? each strand acts likea template What distinguishes RNA from DNA? uracil and single stranded

4 main classes of macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids whats the difference between polymers and monomers? a monomer is 1 building block, a polymer is many monomers what is the reactant of dehydration synthesis? product? reactant is 2 or more monomers, the product is a polymer what is the reactant of hydrolysis? product? reactant is a polymer, the product are monomers Common name for Carbohydrates? glucose monomers of carbohydrates monosaccharides What type of bonds do monosaccharides form? glycosidic linkage What do we call two monomers joined together by one of these bonds? polysaccharide How are polysaccharides used in the body? either as building blocks or energy reserves What polysaccharide is used by plants? What is it composed of? Glucose, entirely of glucose monomers What polysaccharide is used by animals? What is it composed of? Glycogen, highly branched glucose Differentiate between alpha and beta linkages. alpha has OH below, beta has OH above What type of carbohydrates have alpha/beta linkages? glucose monomers, cellulose, and starch What qualities do starch gain from its alpha linkages? makes a helix shape and lets it connect What qualities do cellulose gain from its beta linkages? Makes a linear shape What is chitin? Where is it found? Structural polysaccharide found in cell wall of fungi and arthropods. What type of linkages does chitin have? beta linkages . Why don't lipids have an affinity for water? non-polar Describe the composition of a fat. they are made up of glycerol and fatty acids What is the composition of a triglyceride? a glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids How is a triglyceride formed? What type of bonds? 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis saturated fatty acids Saturated had hydrogen bonds at every position and no carbon carbon bonds Unsaturated fatty acids unsaturated has carbon- carbon bonds and have a kink in the skeleton What property of unsaturated acids makes them liquid at room temperature? they are bent Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids have a lower melting point? saturated What is the main function of fats? What makes them so good at this? they store twice the amount of energy that carbohydrate do Describe the structure and function of a phospholipid. glycerol connected to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate, forms the cell wall What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic? tails What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic? head Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in a membrane. Why do phospholipids arrange themselves in such a way? They make a bilayer, tail avoid water inside Describe the structure of a steroid. 4 fused carbon rings What are some examples of steroids? cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone What are some functions of proteins? structure, support, storage, transport, defense, movement What are the monomers of proteins? amino acids What 4 things are attached to the central carbon of the amino acid? hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, R variable What is the significance of the R group? determine the characteristics of an amino acids How are amino acids joined? dehydration synthesis What type of bond is formed between the amino acids? peptide bonds What are the names of the two ends of the polypeptide chain of amino acids? n and c terminals How do the two ends of the polypeptide chain get their names? n has a free amino group, c has a free carboxyl group How do proteins form from a polypeptide chain? interactions in the polypeptide make the polypeptide chain and different amino acids form What type of bond is formed in a polypeptide chain? peptide bond Define primary structure. order of amino acids Define secondary structure. What holds it together? coiled and folded shaped bond, hydrogen bonds Describe an alpha helix. What holds it together? a coil, every 4th amino acid has a hydrogen bond Describe a beta pleated sheet. What holds it together? a folding shape, hydrogen bonds hold it in the parallel peptide backbones Describe tertiary structure. 3d shape of a protein determined by the r group How to sulfhydryl groups contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein? strong covalent bonds/disulfide bridges How does quaternary structure arise? aggregation of 2 or more polypeptides How is quaternary different from tertiary? has 4 different polypeptides What factors can lead to the denaturation of proteins? physical and chemical condition of its environment How might this affect the function of the protein? it becomes biologically inactive What is the function of chaperonins? they help fold proteins What might happen if chaperonins don't function properly? it can lead to diseases What are the two types of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA What are nucleic acids monomers? nucleotides Describe the path that information taken from DNA to protein. DNA Gives information to RNA, RNA makes proteins Describe the makeup of a nucleotide. a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group What are the four bases of DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Distinguish between purines and pyrimidines. Purines have 1 6 ringed side and one 5 ringed side, Pyrimidines have 1 ring with 6 sides Which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines? Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine sugar pentose for rna? ribose sugar pentose for DNA? deoxyribose does not have oxygen on carbon 2 What type of bonds are formed between nucleotides? Where on the nucleotide are these bonds formed? phosphodiester bonds, the OH 3 end connects to the phosphate 5 end Describe the double helix of DNA. What's on the inside? What's on the outside? sugar phosphate backbone outside, nitrogenous bases inside What holds the double helix of DNA together? hydrogen bonds How does the cell ensure the DNA will copy correctly? each strand acts likea template What distinguishes RNA from DNA? uracil and single stranded

4 main classes of macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids whats the difference between polymers and monomers? a monomer is 1 building block, a polymer is many monomers what is the reactant of dehydration synthesis? product? reactant is 2 or more monomers, the product is a polymer what is the reactant of hydrolysis? product? reactant is a polymer, the product are monomers Common name for Carbohydrates? glucose monomers of carbohydrates monosaccharides What type of bonds do monosaccharides form? glycosidic linkage What do we call two monomers joined together by one of these bonds? polysaccharide How are polysaccharides used in the body? either as building blocks or energy reserves What polysaccharide is used by plants? What is it composed of? Glucose, entirely of glucose monomers What polysaccharide is used by animals? What is it composed of? Glycogen, highly branched glucose Differentiate between alpha and beta linkages. alpha has OH below, beta has OH above What type of carbohydrates have alpha/beta linkages? glucose monomers, cellulose, and starch What qualities do starch gain from its alpha linkages? makes a helix shape and lets it connect What qualities do cellulose gain from its beta linkages? Makes a linear shape What is chitin? Where is it found? Structural polysaccharide found in cell wall of fungi and arthropods. What type of linkages does chitin have? beta linkages . Why don't lipids have an affinity for water? non-polar Describe the composition of a fat. they are made up of glycerol and fatty acids What is the composition of a triglyceride? a glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids How is a triglyceride formed? What type of bonds? 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis saturated fatty acids Saturated had hydrogen bonds at every position and no carbon carbon bonds Unsaturated fatty acids unsaturated has carbon- carbon bonds and have a kink in the skeleton What property of unsaturated acids makes them liquid at room temperature? they are bent Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids have a lower melting point? saturated What is the main function of fats? What makes them so good at this? they store twice the amount of energy that carbohydrate do Describe the structure and function of a phospholipid. glycerol connected to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate, forms the cell wall What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic? tails What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic? head Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in a membrane. Why do phospholipids arrange themselves in such a way? They make a bilayer, tail avoid water inside Describe the structure of a steroid. 4 fused carbon rings What are some examples of steroids? cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone What are some functions of proteins? structure, support, storage, transport, defense, movement What are the monomers of proteins? amino acids What 4 things are attached to the central carbon of the amino acid? hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, R variable What is the significance of the R group? determine the characteristics of an amino acids How are amino acids joined? dehydration synthesis What type of bond is formed between the amino acids? peptide bonds What are the names of the two ends of the polypeptide chain of amino acids? n and c terminals How do the two ends of the polypeptide chain get their names? n has a free amino group, c has a free carboxyl group How do proteins form from a polypeptide chain? interactions in the polypeptide make the polypeptide chain and different amino acids form What type of bond is formed in a polypeptide chain? peptide bond Define primary structure. order of amino acids Define secondary structure. What holds it together? coiled and folded shaped bond, hydrogen bonds Describe an alpha helix. What holds it together? a coil, every 4th amino acid has a hydrogen bond Describe a beta pleated sheet. What holds it together? a folding shape, hydrogen bonds hold it in the parallel peptide backbones Describe tertiary structure. 3d shape of a protein determined by the r group How to sulfhydryl groups contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein? strong covalent bonds/disulfide bridges How does quaternary structure arise? aggregation of 2 or more polypeptides How is quaternary different from tertiary? has 4 different polypeptides What factors can lead to the denaturation of proteins? physical and chemical condition of its environment How might this affect the function of the protein? it becomes biologically inactive What is the function of chaperonins? they help fold proteins What might happen if chaperonins don't function properly? it can lead to diseases What are the two types of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA What are nucleic acids monomers? nucleotides Describe the path that information taken from DNA to protein. DNA Gives information to RNA, RNA makes proteins Describe the makeup of a nucleotide. a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group What are the four bases of DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Distinguish between purines and pyrimidines. Purines have 1 6 ringed side and one 5 ringed side, Pyrimidines have 1 ring with 6 sides Which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines? Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine sugar pentose for rna? ribose sugar pentose for DNA? deoxyribose does not have oxygen on carbon 2 What type of bonds are formed between nucleotides? Where on the nucleotide are these bonds formed? phosphodiester bonds, the OH 3 end connects to the phosphate 5 end Describe the double helix of DNA. What's on the inside? What's on the outside? sugar phosphate backbone outside, nitrogenous bases inside What holds the double helix of DNA together? hydrogen bonds How does the cell ensure the DNA will copy correctly? each strand acts likea template What distinguishes RNA from DNA? uracil and single stranded