Genotype: The genes that control a particular trait ex) homozygous dominant BB, heterozygous Bb Biological exponential growth: When resources are unlimited, a population can experience exponential growth, where its size increases at a greater and greater rate. Phenotype: The observable physical characteristics of an organism ex) purple flower Patterns of dispersion: The spatial distribution of individuals within a population is called dispersion. 1. Uniform distribution: Equidistant from each other, may result from social interactions such as competition and territoriality. Penguins! 2. Clumped distribution: Individuals are clustered together in herds/flocks Elephants! 3. Random distribution: Dominant: Trait is always expressed as the dominant trait if one connected allele is dominant. Species interactions: Competition (-/-) Predation (+/-) Mutualism (+/+) Commensalism (+/0) Parasitism (+/-) Recessive Adaptation: Process driven by natural selection, where a recessive trait becomes more prevalent in a population over time due to its beneficial effects in a specific environment. Codon: Sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid on mRNA. There are 64 codons for 20 amino acids. More than 1 codon can code for 1 amino acid. Nucleotides can be: A, C, G, U DNA: A nucleic acid of two linked strands wounded in a double helix shape. The helix shape comprises a backbone of deoxyribose sugar and phosphates that link the sugars together. The nitrogenous bases lie in the inside of the double helix, purines A and G pair with pyrimidines T and C. A-T C-G Anticodon: An anticodon is the complementary sequence to a codon in mRNA that is found in tRNA. Transcription DNA, mRNA (nucleus) Translation mRNA, tRNA, Protein (ribosome) Codon: AUG Anticodon: UAC Speciation: Process by which new species emerge from an existing one. Allopatric Speciation: Formation of new species due to geographic isolation, populations begin to differ from genetic drift. Sympatric Speciation: Formation of new species due to reproductive isolation from behavioral differences. Spontaneous generation: Simpler forms of life were generated from spontaneous generations…organisms can ‘spawn’ from nonliving matter. Logistic growth: Due to limiting factors within a population. The growth rate of a population will start high and then decline as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. Species Biotic vs abiotic = Living vs nonliving Levels of organization in ecology Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere DNA replication Population density: Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area. 10% rule: k Carrying capacity: Maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support indefinitely Limiting factor: A limiting factor is a factor that restricts the growth or survival of a population. Limiting factors can be either density-dependent (e.g., competition for resources) or density-independent (e.g., natural disasters). Density-dependent (due to its density) vs independent factors (regardless of its density) Interdependence: The interconnectedness of organisms in their surroundings and with the abiotic factors of their environment

Genotype

The genes that control a particular trait ex) homozygous dominant BB, heterozygous Bb

Evidence for Evolution

ancient organism remains, fossil layers, similarities among organisms alive today, similarities in DNA, and similarities of embryos

Biological exponential growth

When resources are unlimited, a population can experience exponential growth, where its size increases at a greater and greater rate.

Phenotype

The observable physical traits of an organism ex) purple flower

Patterns of dispersion

The spatial distribution of individuals within a population is called dispersion.

Uniform Dispersion

Equidistant from each other, may result from social interactions such as competition and territoriality.

Penguins!

Clumped dispersion

Individuals are clustered together in herds/flocks

Elephants!

Random dispersion

Each individual’s location is independent of the others. Uncommon pattern of distribution, but occurs in animals with large habitats.

Lions, Tigers!

Competition

(-/-)

Mutualism

(+/+)

Commensalism

(+/0)

Parasitism

(+/-)

Predation

(+ /-)

Recessive Adaptation

Process driven by natural selection, where a recessive trait becomes more prevalent in a population over time due to its beneficial effects in a specific environment.

Codon

Sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid on mRNA. There are 64 codons for 20 amino acids. More than 1 codon can code for 1 amino acid.

Nucleotides can be: A, C, G, U

DNA

A nucleic acid of two linked strands wounded in a double helix shape. The helix shape comprises a backbone of deoxyribose sugar and phosphates that link the sugars together. The nitrogenous bases lie in the inside of the double helix, purines A and G pair with pyrimidines T and C. A-T C-G

Anticodon

An anticodon is the complementary sequence to a codon in mRNA that is found in tRNA.

Transcription DNA, mRNA (nucleus)

Translation mRNA, tRNA, Protein (ribosome)

Codon: AUG

Anticodon: UAC

Speciation

Process by which new species emerge from an existing one.

Allopatric Speciation

Formation of new species due to geographic isolation, populations begin to differ from genetic drift.

Sympatric Speciation

Formation of new species due to reproductive isolation from behavioral differences.

Spontaneous generation

Simpler forms of life were generated from spontaneous generations…organisms can ‘spawn’ from nonliving matter.

Logistic Growth

Due to limiting factors within a population. The growth rate of a population will start high and then decline as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.

Levels of Organization in Ecology

Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere

Population Density

the number of individuals of a species per unit area.

10% Rule

The 10% rule is a rough estimate that suggests that only about 10% of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level in a food chain.

Carrying Capacity

Maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support indefinitely

Limiting Factor

A limiting factor is a factor that restricts the growth or survival of a population. Limiting factors can be either density-dependent (e.g., competition for resources) or density-independent (e.g., natural disasters).

Interdependence

The interconnectedness of organisms in their surroundings and with the abiotic factors of their environment. ex) bees and flowers

½ life

Calculation with a table for ½ life

tRNA

type of RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon that pairs with a specific mRNA codon, ensuring that the correct amino acid is added to the growing protein chain.

Central Dogma

DNA replication, DNA is made into RNA through transcription (occurs in the nucleus), then is translated into proteins with the help of tRNA (transfer proteins) that carry the proteins to the ribosome and checks if mRNA codons code for the correct proteins using anti codons.