4 main classes of macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
whats the difference between polymers and monomers? a monomer is 1 building block, a polymer is many monomers
what is the reactant of dehydration synthesis? product? reactant is 2 or more monomers, the product is a polymer
what is the reactant of hydrolysis? product? reactant is a polymer, the product are monomers
Common name for Carbohydrates? glucose
monomers of carbohydrates monosaccharides
What type of bonds do monosaccharides form? glycosidic linkage
What do we call two monomers joined together by one of these bonds? polysaccharide
How are polysaccharides used in the body? either as building blocks or energy reserves
What polysaccharide is used by plants? What is it composed of? Glucose, entirely of glucose monomers
What polysaccharide is used by animals? What is it composed of? Glycogen, highly branched glucose
Differentiate between alpha and beta linkages. alpha has OH below, beta has OH above
What type of carbohydrates have alpha/beta linkages? glucose monomers, cellulose, and starch
What qualities do starch gain from its alpha linkages? makes a helix shape and lets it connect
What qualities do cellulose gain from its beta linkages? Makes a linear shape
What is chitin? Where is it found? Structural polysaccharide found in cell wall of fungi and arthropods.
What type of linkages does chitin have? beta linkages .
Why don't lipids have an affinity for water? non-polar
Describe the composition of a fat. they are made up of glycerol and fatty acids
What is the composition of a triglyceride? a glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids
How is a triglyceride formed? What type of bonds? 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis
saturated fatty acids Saturated had hydrogen bonds at every position and no carbon carbon bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids unsaturated has carbon- carbon bonds and have a kink in the skeleton
What property of unsaturated acids makes them liquid at
room temperature? they are bent
Do saturated or unsaturated fatty
acids have a lower melting point? saturated
What is the main function of fats? What makes them so good at this? they store twice the amount of energy that carbohydrate do
Describe the structure and function of a phospholipid. glycerol connected to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate, forms the cell wall
What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic? tails
What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic? head
Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in a
membrane. Why do phospholipids arrange themselves in
such a way? They make a bilayer, tail avoid water inside
Describe the structure of a steroid. 4 fused carbon rings
What are some examples
of steroids? cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone
What are some functions of proteins? structure, support, storage, transport, defense, movement
What are the monomers of proteins? amino acids
What 4 things are attached to the central carbon of the amino acid? hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, R variable
What is the significance of the R group? determine the characteristics of an amino acids
How are amino acids joined? dehydration synthesis
What type of bond is formed between the amino acids? peptide bonds
What are the names of the two ends of the polypeptide chain of amino acids? n and c terminals
How do the two ends of the polypeptide chain get their names? n has a free amino group, c has a free carboxyl group
How do proteins form from a polypeptide chain? interactions in the polypeptide make the polypeptide chain and different amino acids form
What type of bond is formed in a polypeptide chain? peptide bond
Define primary structure. order of amino acids
Define secondary structure. What holds it together? coiled and folded shaped bond, hydrogen bonds
Describe an alpha helix. What holds it together? a coil, every 4th amino acid has a hydrogen bond
Describe a beta pleated sheet. What holds it together? a folding shape, hydrogen bonds hold it in the parallel peptide backbones
Describe tertiary structure. 3d shape of a protein determined by the r group
How to sulfhydryl groups contribute to the tertiary structure
of a protein? strong covalent bonds/disulfide bridges
How does quaternary structure arise? aggregation of 2 or more polypeptides
How is quaternary different from tertiary? has 4 different polypeptides
What factors can lead to the denaturation of proteins? physical and chemical condition of its environment
How might this affect the function of the protein? it becomes biologically inactive
What is the function of chaperonins? they help fold proteins
What might happen if chaperonins don't function properly? it can lead to diseases
What are the two types of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA
What are nucleic acids monomers? nucleotides
Describe the path that information taken from DNA to protein. DNA Gives information to RNA, RNA makes proteins
Describe the makeup of a nucleotide. a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
What are the four bases of DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Distinguish between purines and pyrimidines. Purines have 1 6 ringed side and one 5 ringed side, Pyrimidines have 1 ring with 6 sides
Which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines? Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
sugar pentose for rna? ribose
sugar pentose for DNA? deoxyribose does not have oxygen on carbon 2
What type of bonds are formed between nucleotides? Where on the
nucleotide are these bonds formed? phosphodiester bonds, the OH 3 end connects to the phosphate 5 end
Describe the double helix of DNA. What's on the inside? What's on the outside? sugar phosphate backbone outside, nitrogenous bases inside
What holds the double helix of DNA together? hydrogen bonds
How does the cell ensure the DNA will copy correctly? each strand acts likea template
What distinguishes RNA from DNA? uracil and single stranded
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