Results for "Binary Fission"

Binary Fission

binary fission and viral replication

MCAT - Binary Fission

BIO 189: Chapter 8- DNA Replication, Binary Fission and Mitosis

Chapter 27 - Binary Fission and the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Binary Fission

1.1.5 - Binary Fission

3.2.10 CELLS DIVIDE BY BINARY FISSION AND MITOSIS

Binary fission & DNA replication

Let’s break this down! I’ll give you a study guide covering asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction (in humans and plants), and Mendelian genetics — then I’ll create a test for you. ⸻ Study Guide for Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction, and Mendelian Genetics ⸻ I. Asexual Reproduction • Definition: Involves a single parent, producing offspring genetically identical to the parent (clones). • Types of Asexual Reproduction: • Binary Fission: Simple cell division (e.g., bacteria). • Budding: New organism grows from a bud on the parent (e.g., yeast, hydra). • Fragmentation/Regeneration: Organism splits, and each part grows into a new organism (e.g., starfish). • Vegetative Propagation: New plants grow from parts of the parent plant (e.g., runners in strawberries). • Parthenogenesis: Offspring develop from unfertilized eggs (e.g., some lizards, insects). • Pros and Cons: • Pros: Fast, no need for a mate, energy-efficient. • Cons: No genetic variation, susceptible to environmental changes. ⸻ II. Sexual Reproduction (Humans & Plants) Humans: • Process: • Gametes (sperm and egg) produced by meiosis. • Fertilization forms a zygote (diploid cell). • Male Reproductive System: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, urethra, penis. • Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina. • Hormonal Regulation: • Male: Testosterone (sperm production, secondary characteristics). • Female: Estrogen & progesterone (menstrual cycle, pregnancy). Plants: • Process: Alternation of generations (sporophyte & gametophyte stages). • Pollination: Transfer of pollen to stigma. • Fertilization: Sperm (from pollen) fuses with egg in ovule. • Structures: Stamen (male), carpel/pistil (female). • Seed & Fruit Development: Fertilized ovules become seeds; ovary becomes fruit. ⸻ III. Mendelian Genetics • Gregor Mendel’s Experiments: Pea plants, discovered inheritance patterns. • Key Concepts: • Genes & Alleles: Genes determine traits, alleles are gene variants. • Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles: Dominant alleles mask recessive ones. • Homozygous vs. Heterozygous: Same alleles (AA or aa) vs. different alleles (Aa). • Laws of Inheritance: • Law of Segregation: Allele pairs separate during gamete formation. • Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits sort independently. • Genetic Crosses: Punnett squares, monohybrid/dihybrid crosses. • Probability & Ratios: Phenotypic/genotypic ratios. • Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits. ⸻ AP Biology Practice Test Total Questions: 30 (Multiple Choice) Section 1: Asexual Reproduction (6 questions) 1. Which form of asexual reproduction involves an organism splitting into two identical cells? a) Budding b) Fragmentation c) Binary fission d) Parthenogenesis 2. Which organism commonly reproduces through budding? a) Bacteria b) Starfish c) Hydra d) Fern 3. A disadvantage of asexual reproduction is: a) Slow reproduction rate b) High genetic diversity c) Vulnerability to environmental changes d) Requirement of a mate 4. Which plant structure is involved in vegetative propagation? a) Petal b) Stigma c) Runner d) Anther 5. Parthenogenesis involves: a) Fertilized eggs developing into offspring b) Unfertilized eggs developing into offspring c) Fusion of gametes d) Regeneration of lost body parts 6. What is the primary benefit of asexual reproduction in stable environments? a) Genetic variation b) Rapid population growth c) Evolutionary adaptability d) Reduced mutation rates ⸻ Section 2: Sexual Reproduction (8 questions) 7. In humans, fertilization typically occurs in the: a) Uterus b) Vagina c) Ovary d) Fallopian tube 8. The male gamete in plants is contained in the: a) Ovule b) Anther c) Pollen grain d) Stigma 9. Which hormone triggers ovulation? a) Testosterone b) Progesterone c) Luteinizing hormone (LH) d) Estrogen 10. The female gametophyte in flowering plants is the: a) Ovary b) Pollen tube c) Embryo sac d) Sepal 11. Which part of the male reproductive system produces sperm? a) Epididymis b) Vas deferens c) Testes d) Prostate gland 12. The process where pollen is transferred from anther to stigma is: a) Germination b) Pollination c) Fertilization d) Sporulation 13. What structure develops into a seed after fertilization in plants? a) Ovule b) Ovary c) Stamen d) Pistil 14. Which term describes the fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote? a) Gametogenesis b) Meiosis c) Fertilization d) Pollination ⸻ Section 3: Mendelian Genetics (16 questions) 15. Who is considered the “Father of Genetics”? a) Charles Darwin b) Gregor Mendel c) Rosalind Franklin d) James Watson 16. The physical expression of a trait is called: a) Genotype b) Phenotype c) Allele d) Chromosome 17. An organism with the genotype Aa is: a) Homozygous dominant b) Homozygous recessive c) Heterozygous d) Diploid 18. A Punnett square shows: a) The process of DNA replication b) Possible genetic combinations of offspring c) Chromosome number in gametes d) Evolutionary relationships 19. The expected phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross is: a) 1:2:1 b) 9:3:3:1 c) 3:1 d) 4:0 20. Which of Mendel’s laws states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation? a) Law of Independent Assortment b) Law of Segregation c) Law of Dominance d) Law of Inheritance 21. Incomplete dominance results in: a) Blended traits b) Both traits expressed equally c) One trait completely masking another d) A 9:3:3:1 ratio 22. A cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa) produces what genotypic ratio? a) 3:1 b) 1:2:1 c) 9:3:3:1 d) 2:2 23-30

🦠 GCSE Biology: Binary Fission

endomembrane system Semi-autonomous organelles Protein sorting to organelles Systems biology of cells Cell Biology & Cell Theory Cell biology: The study of individual cells and their interactions. Cell Theory (Schleiden & Schwann, with contributions from Virchow): All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest units of life. New cells arise only from pre-existing cells through division (e.g., binary fission). Origins of Life: Four Overlapping Stages Stage 1: Formation of Organic Molecules Primitive Earth conditions favored spontaneous organic molecule formation. Hypotheses on the origin of organic molecules: Reducing Atmosphere Hypothesis: Earth's early atmosphere (rich in water vapor) facilitated molecule formation. Stanley Miller’s experiment simulated early conditions, producing amino acids and sugars. Extraterrestrial Hypothesis: Organic carbon (amino acids, nucleic acid bases) may have come from meteorites. Debate exists over survival after intense heating. Deep-Sea Vent Hypothesis: Molecules formed in the temperature gradient between hot vent water & cold ocean water. Supported by experimental evidence. Alkaline hydrothermal vents may have created pH gradients that allowed organic molecule formation. Stage 2: Formation of Polymers Early belief: Prebiotic synthesis of polymers was unlikely in aqueous solutions (water competes with polymerization). Experimental evidence: Clay surfaces facilitated the formation of nucleic acid polymers and polysaccharides. Stage 3: Formation of Boundaries Protobionts: Aggregates of prebiotically produced molecules enclosed by membranes. Characteristics of a protobiont: Boundary separating the internal & external environments. Polymers with information (e.g., genetic material, metabolic instructions). Catalytic functions (enzymatic activities). Self-replication. Liposomes: Vesicles surrounded by lipid bilayers. Can enclose RNA and divide. Stage 4: RNA World Hypothesis RNA was likely the first macromolecule in protobionts due to its ability to: Store information. Self-replicate. Catalyze reactions (ribozymes). Chemical Selection & Evolution: RNA mutations allowed faster replication & self-sufficient nucleotide synthesis. Eventually, RNA world was replaced by the DNA-RNA-protein world due to: DNA providing more stable information storage. Proteins offering greater catalytic efficiency and specialized functions. Microscopy Microscopy Parameters Resolution: Ability to distinguish two adjacent objects. Contrast: Difference between structures (enhanced by special dyes). Magnification: Ratio of image size to actual size. Types of Microscopes Light Microscope: Uses light; resolution = 0.2 micrometers. Electron Microscope: Uses electron beams; resolution = 2 nanometers (100x better than light microscopes). Light Microscopy Subtypes Bright Field: Standard; light passes directly through. Phase Contrast: Amplifies differences in light phase shifts. Differential Interference Contrast (DIC): Enhances contrast for internal structures. Electron Microscopy Subtypes Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Thin slices stained with heavy metals. Some electrons scatter while others pass through to create an image. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Heavy metal-coated sample. Electron beam scans the surface, producing 3D images. Cell Structure & Function Determined by matter, energy, organization, and information. Genome: The complete set of genetic material. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Feature Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus ❌ Absent ✅ Present Membrane-bound organelles ❌ None ✅ Yes Size Small (1-10 µm) Large (10-100 µm) Examples Bacteria, Archaea Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists Prokaryotic Cell Structure Plasma Membrane: Lipid bilayer barrier. Cytoplasm: Internal fluid. Nucleoid Region: DNA storage (no nucleus). Ribosomes: Protein synthesis. Cell Wall: (Some) Provides structure & protection. Glycocalyx: Protection & hydration. Flagella: Movement. Pili: Attachment. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Nucleus: Contains DNA & controls cell functions. Organelles: Rough ER: Protein synthesis & sorting. Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, detoxification. Golgi Apparatus: Protein modification & sorting. Mitochondria: ATP production (Powerhouse of the Cell™). Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes for breakdown & recycling. Peroxisomes: Breakdown of harmful substances. Cytoskeleton: Provides structure (microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments). Plasma Membrane: Regulates transport & signaling. Endomembrane System Includes: Nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane structure. Nuclear pores allow molecule transport. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies & sorts proteins/lipids. Packages proteins into vesicles for secretion (exocytosis). Lysosomes: Contain acid hydrolases for macromolecule breakdown. Perform autophagy (organelle recycling). Semi-Autonomous Organelles Mitochondria Function: ATP production (cellular respiration). Structure: Outer & inner membrane (inner folds = cristae for increased surface area). Mitochondrial matrix houses metabolic enzymes. Chloroplasts (Plants & Algae) Function: Photosynthesis (light energy → chemical energy). Structure: Outer & inner membrane. Thylakoid membrane (site of photosynthesis). Contains chlorophyll. Endosymbiosis Theory Mitochondria & chloroplasts evolved from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. Protein Sorting & Cell Organization Co-translational sorting: Proteins destined for ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, or secretion. Post-translational sorting: Proteins sent to nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes. Systems Biology Studies how cellular components interact to form a functional system

BIO-201 Exam II - Mitosis and Binary Fission

Binary Fission

Lecture 02 Binary Fission, Prokaryotic chromosome structure (5)

Binary Fission

Lecture 02 Binary Fission, Prokaryotic chromosome structure (4)

binary fission

stages of mitosis and binary fission

Mitosis and Binary Fission Terms