Unit Six: Gene Expression and Regulation- essential knowledge

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What are the primary sources for heritable information

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34 Terms

1

What are the primary sources for heritable information

DNA and RNA

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2

How is genetic information stored and carried through generations

DNA and RNA molecules

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3

What type of chromosomes do prokaryotic organisms have vs eukaryotic

prokaryotic- circular
eukaryotic- linear multiples

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4

What are plasmids

small extra-chromosomal double-stranded circular DNA molecules

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5

What are the nucleotide base pairings

adenine-thymine/uracil
cytosine-guanine

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6

What nucleotides are purines and what is their structure vs pyrimidines

purines- adenine and guanine, double-ring structure
pyrimidines- cytosine, thymine, uracil, single ring structure

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7

Which way is DNA synthesized

5’ to 3’

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8

Replication is what type of process, what does this mean

semiconservative, one strand of DNA serves as the template for the new complementary strand

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9

What unwinds the DNA strand

helicase

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10

What do topoisomerase do

relae supercoiling in front of replication fork

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11

What does the DNA polymerase need to activate

RNA primers

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12

What does the DNA polymerase do

synthesizes new DNA stand continuously on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand

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13

What joins the lagging strand fragments

ligase

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14

What do mRNA molecules do

carry information from DNA to ribosomes

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15

How is the peptide sequence formed

tRNA binds to specific amino acids with anti-codon sequences on mRNA

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16

What is rRNA

functional building clocks of ribosomes

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17

What is the flow from genetic material to protien

genetic information in DNA to base sequences in mRNA, to sequences of amino acids for protein folding

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18

What can the template DNA strand also be called

noncoding strand, minus strand, antisense strand

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19

Which direction does the RNA polymerase synthesize mRNA

5’ to 3’ reading DNA 3’ to 5’

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20

What are the eukaryotic mRNA modifications

addition of polt-A tail, addition of GTP cap, excision of introns and splicing/retention of exons

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21

What are the translation sequential steps

initiation, elongation, termination

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22

What are the salient fetures of translation

initiation with rRNA interaction with mRNA, mRNA is read in triplets called codons, each codon codes a specific amino acid, tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct codon, amino acids are transferred into grouping polypeptide chain, the process continues until stop codon releasing polypeptide chain

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23

How does viral RNA incorporate into host DNA

reverse transcriptase

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24

What are regulatory sequences

stretches of DNA that interact with regulatory proteins to control transcription

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25

How do epigenetic changes affect gene expression

through reversible modification of DNA or histones

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26

How are groups of genes coordinately regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes- operons transcribed into single mRNA (i.e lac operon)
eukaryotes- same transcription factor influence

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27

What are promoters

DNA sequences upstream of the transcription site

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28

How do negative regulatory molecules work

inhibit gene expression by binding DNA and blocking transcription

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29

What results from gene regulation

differential gene expression and influences cell products and function

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30

How are new phenotypes created

disruptions in genes and gene products

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31

How do mutations occur

alterations in DNA sequence resulting in protein production changes (i.e too much, not enough, damaged protein)

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32

What is electrophoresis

separates molecules according to size and charge

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33

What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

DNA fragments are amplified

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34

What is bacterial transformation

introduction of DNA into bacterial cells

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