World Histroy

Common Law

Common Law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings

Manga Carta

The Great Charter approved by King John of England in 1215 it limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen

Due process of law

the requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does

Habeas Corpus

principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime

Parliament

the legislature of England

lay investiture

appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy

Estates General

This body had representatives from all three estates

Tenant farmers

someone who would pay rent to a lord to farm part of the lord's land

guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

journeyman

a salaried worker employed by a guild master

apprentice

a young person learning a trade from a master

Holy Land

Jerusalem and other places where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached

Crusades

a series of wars from the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims

Reconquista

During the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain

Inquisition

A Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Excommunication

exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law

interdict

in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom

Scholasticism

in medieval Europe, the school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian beliel

vernacular

everyday language of ordinary people

William the Conqueror

(1028-1087) became the Duke of Normandy at age 7 and was knighted at age 15. He pressured King Edward of England to name him heir to the throne. Upon Edward's death

King John

(c.1166-1216) was a son of King Henry II. He seized control of the English throne when his brother, King Richard the Lionheart, was captured while on crusade. Conflicts with the English nobles led to John's forced signature to Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the English kings.

Louis IX

(1214-1270) was King of France from 1226 to 1270. He was one of the most popular kings of France. He led the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land and was canonized as a saint in recognition of his faith and services to the Church.

Henry IV

(1553-1610) served as king of Navarre as Henry III (1572-1589) and first Bourbon king of France (1589-1610). At the end of the Wars of Religion

Frederick Barbarossa

(c.1123-1190) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1152. He fought hard against growing papal authority and led six expeditions into Italy in an attempt to increase his royal holdings. He died while on the Third Crusade.

Otto I

Crowned emperor by pope in 962 CE first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Identify the methods used by monarchs to centralize power

Methods used by monarchs to centralize power include: creating a strong centralized bureaucracy

Identify examples of increases in monarchical power as a result of relations with the Church

the Investiture Controversy, in which Holy Roman Emperors appointed bishops and other Church officials, and the French monarchy, which used its control over the Church to increase its power and influence.

Identify examples of decreases in monarchical power as a result of relations with the church

the Papal-Monarchical Rivalry, in which the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor struggled for control over the Church, and the Magna Carta, which limited the power of the monarchy and established the principle of rule of law.

Analyze the significance of Henry II English history

he expanded the Angevin Empire through his military campaigns and through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. He also played an important role in the development of common law

Identify the role(s) parliament played in the unification of England

in the unification of England. It provided a forum for the representatives of the various regions of the country to come together and make decisions about the governance of the country.

Identify the consequences of electing a French Pope and moving the Pope to Avignon from rome

the Avignon Papacy, which lasted from 1309 to 1377, during which the popes were under the control of the French monarchy, and the Western Schism, which lasted from 1378 to 1417, during which there were two, and later three, competing claimants to the papacy.

Identify important aspects in the development of French monarchy

the consolidation of power under the Capetian dynasty, the strengthening of the centralized state through the development of a professional bureaucracy, and the use of the Church to increase the power and prestige of the monarchy.

Identify possible reasons why the Holy Roman Emperors were unable to develop a strong monarchy during the period of the HIgh Middle Ages

he political structure of the empire, which was a loose federation of territories, each with its own ruler and laws, the lack of a strong central bureaucracy, and the competing claims of the Church and the nobility.

Why did lay investiture cause problems between Henry IV and GRegory VII?

Ibecause it challenged the authority of the Pope over the appointment of bishops and other Church officials.

How did Pope Innocent III influence the balance of power between church and secular (political) leaders?

\I influenced the balance of power between church and secular (political) leaders by asserting the authority of the Church over secular rulers

Why did the lecture system develop?

\ as a way for scholars to share their knowledge with students and to promote the study of the liberal arts.

Identify causes of the commercial revolution that took place during the high middle ages in western europe.

the growth of towns and cities, the development of new agricultural techniques and technologies, and the increase in trade and commerce.

Identify causes of increased food supplies during the high middle ages in western europe

advances in agricultural technology and practices, such as the heavy plow and the three-field system, water-powered mills, crop rotation, and animal husbandry.