IGCSE BIOLOGY 0610

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2023, 2024, and 2025 syllabus DOESNT INCLUDE PRACTICALS

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491 Terms

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Organism

A living thing that carries out the seven life processes (MRS GREN).

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MRS GREN

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

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Movement

An action by an organism that changes its position.

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Respiration

A chemical reaction in cells which breaks down molecules to release energy for metabolism.

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Sensitivity

An organism sensing what's happening around them and being able to respond to the changes (either internal or external).

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Growth

An irreversible increase of an organism's size over a given period of time.

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Reproduction

The biological process of producing offspring similar to itself.

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Excretion

Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body and other excess substances.

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Nutrition

The taking in of food and converting it into energy necessary for health, development and growth.

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Why do we classify organisms?

- To easily identify and distinguish them.

- To easily discover their origins.

- To classify/ identify new organisms based on features they exhibit.

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How are organisms classified?

Organisms are classified into groups by the features they share.

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What is the aim of classification systems?

To reflect on evolutionary relationships.

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What are the levels of classification?

1. Kingdom

2. Phylum

3. Class

4. Order

5. Family

6. Genus

7. Species

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Kingdom

First and largest category used to classify organisms (divded into 5 kingdoms)

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Species

A group of organisms with similar features and interbreed with each other to reproduce fertile offsprings.

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Binomial nomenclature/ Binomial system of naming of species

An internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and then the species. i.e homo (genus) sapiens (species).

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What do classification systems aim to reflect?

Evolutionary relationships.

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What are the sequences of bases in DNA are used as?

A means of classification.

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Similar base sequences in DNA are found in: distant ancestors or organisms with a more recent ancestor?

Groups of organisms which share a more recent ancestor (are more closely related) have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor.

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5 Kingdoms of life

Animal, Plant, Fungus, Prokaryote, Protoctist

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Features of Animals

- Multicellular

- Ingestive (eating and drinking)

- Heterotrophs (obtains nutrition from other organisms)

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Features of Plants

- Multicellular

- Photosynthetic

- Autotrophs (make their own food)

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Features of Fungi

- Uni/Multicellular

- Mycelium and hyphae

- Reproduce through spores

- Saprotrophs (feed off of decaying organic material)

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Features of Prokaryotes

- Unicellular

- No nucleus or cytoplasm

- Plasmids

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Features of Protoctists

- Unicellular

- Nuclear

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Vertebrates

- Animals with a backbone.

- Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish.

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Features of Mammals

- Fur/hair on skin

- Internal fertilization

- Births young

- Feed on mom's milk through mammary glands.

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Features of Birds

- Feathers on body, scales on legs.

- Internal fertilization

- Hard eggs

- Strong, light bones.

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Features of Reptiles

- Thick, dry, scaly skin.

- Internal fertilization

- Soft eggs

- 4 legs

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Features of Amphibians

- Smooth, moist skin

- External fertilization

- Soft eggs

- Live on land and water.

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Features of Fish

- Wet scales

- External fertilization

- Soft eggs

- Breathe through operculum and gills.

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Invertebrates: Arthropods

- Animals without a backbone.

- Myriapods, Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans.

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Features of Myriapods

- 1 pair of antennae

- Many body segments

- 10+ pairs of legs

eg. centipede

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Features of Insects

- 1 pair of antennae

- 3 body segments

- 3 pairs of legs

- 1/2 pairs of wings

eg. fly

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Features of Arachnids

- 2 body segments

- 4 pairs of legs

eg. spider

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Features of Crustaceans

- 2 pairs of antennae

- 3 body segments

- 4+ pairs of legs

- 1 pair of compound eyes

eg. crab

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Features of Ferns

- No flowers or seeds

- Reproduce through spores

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Flowering Plants

- Seeds in flower ovary

- Reproduce sexually

eg. dicots and monocots

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Features of Monocotyledons

- One cotyledon (store food for the growing embryo).

- Parallel veins

- Long, narrow leaves

- 3 flower parts

- Scattered vascular bundle

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Features of Dicotyledons

- Two cotyledons (store food for the growing embryo).

- Branched veins

- Broad leaves

- 4 or 5 flower parts

- Ringed vascular bundle

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Features of Viruses

- Not considered living things because they don't reproduce on their own, can't complete metabolic actions and don't have cells.

- Reproduce by taking over the host cell's metabollic pathways to copy themselves.

- Structure contains of genetic material surrounded by protein coat.

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Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things.

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Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

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Organ

Group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.

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Organ system

Group of organs that work together in performing same body functions.

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Structure of bacterial cell

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, circular DNA, plasmids

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Cell structure

Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplast, ribosome, mitochondria, vacuole

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Function of cell wall

- Tough layer, made of cellulose, surrounding the cell membrane.

- Protects and keeps the cell rigid to help define its shape.

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Function of cell membrane

- Thin layer, made of proteins and fat, surrounding every cell and controls what enters and exits the cell.

- Partially permeable.

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Function of nucleus

Controls all the cells activities and contains the cells DNA

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Function of cytoplasm

Clear, jelly- like substance where metabolic reactions take place.

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Function of chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll and absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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Function of ribosome

Tiny structures where protein synthesis takes place.

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Function of mitochondria

Small structure where aerobic respiration takes place.

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Function of vacuole

Space filled fluid (in plants, cell sap) surrounded by its own membrane which store certain materials.

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Specialized cells

Have certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions.

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Ciliated cell

Function: movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi.

Adaptation: small hair-like structures, cilia.

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Root hair cell

Function: absorption.

Adaptation: thin cell walls, large surface.

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Palisade mesophyll cell

Function: photosynthesis.

Adaptation: chloroplasts, column shaped.

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Neurones

Function: conduct electrical impulses.

Adaptation: long, nerve endings on both sides.

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Red blood cell

Function: transport of oxygen.

Adaptation: biconcave for large surface area, no nuclear, hemoglobin.

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Sperm cell

Function: reproduction.

Adaptation: flagellum to help swim, packed with mitochondria, enzymes in the acrosome.

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Egg cell

Function: reproduction.

Adaptation: lots of cytoplasm to store nutrients, cell membrane/jelly coat changes after one sperm enters.

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Magnification

Image size/Actual size

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1mm to μm

1000μm

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Diffusion

The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient as a result of their random movement.

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Energy for diffusion comes from...

The kinetic energy of the random movement of ions and molecules, known as brownian motion.

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Importance of diffusion of gases and solutes

- Get rid of waste products.

- Carry out gas exchange for respiration.

- Obtain nutrients for growth.

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Factors affecting diffusion

- Surface area

- Concentration

- Distance

- Temperature

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Role of water as a solvent

- Digested food molecules in the alimentary canal need to be moved to cells.

- Toxic substances (eg. urea) and substance in excess of requirements (eg. salts) can be easily dissolved in water to be excreted.

- Dissolved substances can be transported around the organism (eg. xylem/phloem of plants and dissolved food in blood).

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Osmosis

The net movement of water from a region of high water potential (concentrated solution) to a region of lower water potential (dilute solution), through a partially permeable membrane.

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Effects on plant cells when placed in solutions with different concentrations

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Importance of water potential and osmosis in the uptake and loss of water

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Effects on animal cells when placed in solutions with different concentrations

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Active transport

The movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (i.e. against a concentration gradient), using energy from respiration

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Importance of active transport

Process for movement of molecules or ions across membranes, including ion uptake by root hairs

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Elements that make up carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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Elements that make up fats

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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Elements that make up proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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Starch, glycogen and cellulose are made from

Glucose

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Proteins are made from

Amino acids

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Fats and oils are made from

Fatty acids and glycerol

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Test for starch

Iodine solution

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Test for reducing sugars

Benedict's test

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Test for proteins

Biuret test

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Test for fats and oils

Ethanol emulsion test

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Test for vitamin C

DCPIP

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Structure of DNA molecule

- Two strands coiled together to form a double helix

- Each strand contains chemicals called bases

- Bonds between pairs of bases hold the strands together

- The bases always pair up in the same way: A with T and C with G

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Catalysts

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction

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Enzyme

Proteins that are involved in all metabolic reactions, where they function as biological catalysts

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Importance of enzymes

Maintain reaction speeds of metabolic reactions.

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Enzyme action

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Effect of temperature on enzymes

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Effect of pH on enzymes

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Photosynthesis

Process by which plants synthesise carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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Word equation for photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

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in the presence of light and chlorophyll

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Chemical equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Chlorophyll

Green pigment that is found in chloroplasts

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Plants use carbohydrates for and in the form of

- Starch as an energy store

- Cellulose to build cell walls

- Glucose used in respiration to provide energy

- Sucrose for transport in the phloem

- Nectar to attract insects for pollination