KINE240: Ch. 11, Gastrointestinal System

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

digestive system, also called the alimentary system

accessory organs

organs whose functions are related to digestion without being part of the direct process (pancreas, gallbladder, liver)

upper GI tract

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

lower GI tract

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, anus

large intestine

colon, absorbs remaining water and vitamins

ileum

small intestine

liver

secretion of bile, storage of nutrients (glucose is stored as glycogen), etc.

gallbladder

storage and concentration of bile

or/o

mouth

stomat/o

mouth

stomatosis

condition of the mouth

dent/o

tooth

odont/o

tooth

odontalgia

tooth pain

gingiv/o

gum

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

gingivostomatitis

inflammation of the gums and mouth

chyme

mixture of digestive chemicals and food, enters the small intestine

gloss/o

tongue

lingu/o

tongue

glossopathy

disease of the tongue

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

cranial nerve that innervates the tongue

esophag/o

esophagus

esophagitis

inflammation of the esophagus

gastr/o

stomach

gastropexy

surgical fixation of the stomach (sutured to the abdominal wall or diaphragm)

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

heart burn as a result of hiatal hernia

hiatal hernia

part of the stomach protrudes up into the chest through the diaphragm

duodenum

small intestine, site of most chemical breakdown and mixing

jejunum

small intestine, site of nutrient absorption

ileum

small intestine, site of nutrient absorption

cecum

component of the large intestine that is attached to the appendix

sections of the colon

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

enter/o

intestine (most often used to refer to the small intestine) n

gastroenterology

study of the stomach and intestines

dysentery

diarrhea

duoden/o

duodenum (literally, “12”)

gastroduodenoscope

instrument used to view the stomach and duodenum

jejun/o

jejunum (literally, “empty”)

jejunotomy

incision into the jejunum

ile/o

ileum (literally, “groin”)

ileotomy

incision into the jejunum

LI

large intestine

col/o

colon

colon/o

colon

colorectal carcinoma

cancer of the colon and rectum

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon (last portion of the colon before the rectum)

rect/o

rectum (literally, “straight”)

rectoplasty

surgical reconstruction of the rectum

an/o

anus (sphincter or muscle that allows for the passage of feces in defecation, literally, “ring”)

proct/o

anus and rectum

pancreas

houses enzymes to break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

sial/o

saliva

sialadenitis

inflammation of the salivary gland

sialorrhea

excessive saliva, also called hypersalivation

bil/i

bile

chol/e

bile

cholelith

gall stone

biligenesis

formation of bile

cholesterol stone

yellow-green stone

pigment stone

smaller and darker than cholesterol stones, made of bilirubin from breakdown of heme

peritone/o

peritoneum, layer that surrounds the GI organs

peritoneotomy

incision of the peritoneum

parietal peritoneum

lines the inner surface of the body wall, continuous with the visceral peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

outer lining of the digestive tract, also called the serosa

mesenteries

fused, double sheets of peritoneal membrane

abdomin/o

abdomen

celi/o

abdomen

lapar/o

abdomen

abdominocentesis

process of inserting a small gauge needle into the abdomen to evaluate if fluid is present and obtain a sample for further testing

laparoscope

device to view the abdomen

cyst/o

cistern (storage tank), gallbladder

cholecystogram

written record of the gallbladder

cholecystectomy

removal of the gallbladder

doch/o

duct

choledocholithiasis

gallstone in the bile dict

hepat/o

liver

hepatic/o

liver

hepatitis A, B, C

inflammation of the liver (caused by viruses, A, B, C)

pancreat/o

pancreas

stomatodynia

mouth pain

esophagalgia

esophagus pain

gastralgia

stomach pain

cholecystalgia

gallbladder pain

dyspepsia

pain, general nausea, indigestion

emesis

vomiting

diarrhea

loose, watery stool

constipation

difficulty passing stool (literally, “to crowd together”)

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

jaundice

gallbladder and liver dysfunction (yellowing of skin and eyes, increased bilirubin in the blood, from French for “yellow” )

hyperbilirubinemia

increased bilirubin in the blood, observed in jaundice

dentalgia

tooth pain

odontalgia

tooth pain

odontodynia

tooth pain

aerodontalgia

tooth pain due to exposure to air

gingivalgia

gum pain

gingivostomatitis

inflammation of the gum and mouth

stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth

stomatodynia

mouth pain

aphagia

note eating due to mouth or tooth pain