making babies exam 2

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108 Terms

1
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what is the leading cause of maternal and infant illness/death?
preeclampsia and eclampsia
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what is the difference between preeclampsia and eclampsia?
eclampsia includes seizures
3
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if a mother is Rh-, what may she be given at 28 weeks and within 72 hours after delivery to prevent Rh+ antigens from attacking any future pregnancies?
RhoGam (shot)
4
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placental previa
when the placenta is covering a part of or the entire cervical opening
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symptoms of placental previa
painless, heavy bleeding around 28 weeks
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macrosomia
large baby due to excess glucose as a result of a mother who has gestational diabetes
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placental abruption
when the placenta is prematurely separated from the uterine wall
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symptoms of placental abruption
sudden onset of abdominal pain and uterine contractions, anytime after 20 weeks gestation
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gravid
pregnant
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primigravida
first pregnancy
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linea nigra
line down the umbilicus
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Braxton hicks contractions
practice for real contractions, mild, and irregular
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goodells sign
softening of the cervix
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Chadwicks sign
discoloration of the cervix
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what is hyperemesis graviduram?
morning sickness throughout the entire pregnancy, including extreme nausea and vomiting, which can lead to severe weight loss
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what is quickening and when can both first time and second time mothers usually experience it?
when the mother can feel fetal movement
first time=around 18-20 weeks
second=16 weeks(know what to expect)
17
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what is the role of progesterone?
progesterone thickens the endometrium and suppresses the development of any more follicles
18
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when is the second trimester?
14-28 weeks
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when is the third trimester?
28-40 weeks
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when is the first trimester?
LMP-14 weeks
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when does pregnancy begin?
after implantation
22
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what has an affect on whether a mother will have a multifetal pregnancy?
her family history
23
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are monozygotic twins identical or fraternal?
identical
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how many sperm are there in monozygotic twins? eggs?
one sperm
one egg
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are dizygotic twins identical or fraternal?
fraternal
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how many sperm are in dizygotic twins?eggs?
-two sperm
-two eggs
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which can include one boy and one girl, monozygotic or dizygotic?
dizygotic
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how much does the mothers oxygen consumption increase during pregnancy?
15-20%
29
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what is vanishing twin syndrome?
when one twin is reabsorbed into the placenta early in the pregnancy
30
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what is twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome?
when there is a huge difference in the fluid being shared by twins, one becomes a donor and the other a recipient
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what type of twins do twin-to-twin transfusions take place in?
monozygotic
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what is a donor fetus?
the fetus that receives less fluid during twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, they typically have a higher prenatal death rate
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what is a recipient fetus?
the fetus that gets more fluid during twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, typically have excessive blood flow
34
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what is the treatment for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome?
terminate one of the pregnancies via layer surgery
35
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what causes 75% of triplet pregnancies to occur?
ARTs
36
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what is open adoption?
direct, ongoing contact between baby, adoptive parents and birth parents
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what is semi-open adoption?
may have some contact or photos but not a completely open adoption
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what is a closed adoption?
birth parents will have no contact with child or adoptive parents
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up to how many weeks in abortion allowed?
12 weeks
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how many weeks are medicine abortion options allowed for?
10 weeks
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are abortions allowed after 27 weeks?
yes, if it is being done to save the mothers life
42
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who used the name Jane Roe?
Norma McCorvey
43
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when was Roe v. Wade overturned?
June 24, 2022
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what are trigger bans?
laws that were put into place to become active once Roe v. Wade was overturned to make abortion illegal
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what non-surgical method is used for abortions and how does it work?
RU486 (mifepristone), medicine that blocks progesterone, leading to the break down of the endometrium
-97% effective
-works within 2-24 hours
46
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what is methotrexate?
an oral medication that can be used up until 7 weeks for aborting a pregnancy, teratogenic to embryo (interrupts development)
47
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what is taken with methotrexate (MTX) and RU486 (mifepristone)?
misoprostol
48
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up to how many weeks can surgical abortions be performed?
12 weeks
49
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what is a manual vacuum aspiration (MVA)?
surgical form of abortion method that can only be done if it is not your first pregnancy since the cervix will become too tight
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what two types of surgical abortions can be done in the first trimester?
manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) and Dilation and curettage (D&C)
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dilation curettage
scraps pregnancy away, sucks it out
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what is used to remove a first trimester miscarriage?
dilation and curettage (D&E)
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what does misoprostol do?
causes cramping and bleeding to empty the uterus during an abortion
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second trimester abortion options
dilation and evacuation (D&E)
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dilation and evacuation (D&E)
larger tool, vacuum
-can be done during 12-24 weeks of pregnancy
56
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why are fetal assessments done?
to assess fetal well-being during pregnancy
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what are the 4 types of fetal assessments?
-fetal kick count
-non-stress test
-biophysical profile
-contraction stress test
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what is being assessed in fetal assessments?
heart rate, movement and contractions
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what should the fetal heart rate be?
110-160 BPM
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what does good fetal movement indicate?
sufficient fetal oxygenation
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what is a fetal doppler?
tool used with gel in ultrasounds to detect heart rate
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what does a tocodynamometer measure?
frequency and duration of contractions
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how many kicks should you feel in a fetal kick count in 2 hours?
10
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what will be done next if a fetal kick count is failed?
non-stress test
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what does a non-stress test do?
measures heart rate in response to fetal movement, placed on an electronic fetal monitor (EFM) to measure contractions and heart rate for 20-30 minutes
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what may make the non-stress test inaccurate?
sleeping baby, baby being less than 32 weeks, or mother had some sort of sedation that got to the baby
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what is the next step if the non-stress test in non-reactive?
biophysical profile
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what warrants a reactive non-stress test?
2 accelerations of heart rate in 20 minutes
69
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what is a biophysical profile?
ultrasound that measures heart rate, movement, muscle tone, amniotic fluid and breathing
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how is a biophysical profile scores?
point system out of either 8 or 10
-each factor is worth two points
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what is something that can be seen on a biophysical profile that may result in a necessary delivery?
lack of amniotic fluid
72
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what is a contraction stress test?
used to check for fetus's ability to withstand labor by inducing contractions
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what does a positive contraction stress test mean? what is the next step?
there was a decrease in fetal heart rate during the contractions
-next step would be a c-section
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what does a negative contraction stress test mean?
the baby is normal and is able to withstand labor contractions
75
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what are the goals of prenatal testing?
maximize maternal and fetal health
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when are prenatal visits supposed to take place?
-first one at 8-10 weeks
-monthly for 1st and 2nd trimester
-every two weeks until 36 weeks
-weekly 36 weeks-EDD
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what do maternal health test screen for?
diabetes, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs, cystic fibrosis
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what does routine blood work determine? (around 8-10 weeks)
blood type, Rh factor, anemia, thyroid function and rubella immunity
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what does a routine blood test determine? (at 24-28 weeks)
gestational diabetes screening
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what is look for in maternal urine screening that takes place at every prenatal visit?
glucose for diabetes
protein for pre-eclampsia
ketones for dehydration
white blood cells for infections
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what is looked for at 36 weeks at during the routine maternal vaginal rectal test?
Group B streptococcus (GBS)
-if found, mother will be given antibiotics during labor
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what are the two types of optional prenatal tests?
screening and diagnostic
83
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what do neural tube defects affect?
spine or brain
84
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what is folic acid?
supplement taken to prevent neural defects like spina bifida and anencephaly
85
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when can sex being determine through ultrasound?
16-18 weeks
86
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alpha fetoprotein test
-blood test
-chromosomal and neural tube defects
-15-20 weeks
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1st trimester combined test
-chromosomal abnormalities
-10-13 weeks
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quad screen test
-blood test
-chromosomal and neural tube defects
-15-20 weeks
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sequential integrated test
-chromosomal and neural tube defects
-results from 1st trimester combines and quad tests
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cell-free DNA test
-chromosomal abnormalities
-10-22 weeks
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chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
-chromosomal abnormalities
-invasive
-diagnostic
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amniocentesis
-chromosomal and neural tube defects
-invasive
-diagnostic
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fetal blood sampling
-chromosomal abnormalities
-also checks for blood disorders and infections
-diagnostic
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what optional tests look for neural tube defects?
amniocentesis, alpha fetoprotein, quad, sequential integrated

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95
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why measure fetal heart rate?
reduce neonatal death and avoid neurologic/brain injury
96
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external monitoring examples
ultrasound or tocodynomometer
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internal monitoring examples
fetal scalp electrodes
intrauterine pressure catheter
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fetal scalp electrode
attaches to the baby scalp to record the electrical conduction of fetal heart
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intrauterine pressure catheter
thin tube inserted into the uterus to measure duration, frequency and strength of uterine contractions
100
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what is used to measure the strength of contractions?
intrauterine pressure catheter