History Murray

Pluralism

The idea that different religions or groups can live together and all be respected as valid.

Diversity

Having a mix of many different types of people, cultures, or beliefs in one place.

Infrastructure

The basic systems like buildings and roads needed for a society or group to function.

Iconography

The use of pictures and symbols to show specific meanings in art or religion.

Deity

A divine being, such as a god or goddess.

Monotheism

The belief that there is only one (1) God.

Polytheism

The belief in many different gods and goddesses.

Monism

The belief that everything in the universe comes from one (1) single source or reality.

Atman

The soul or true self that exists inside a person (Ātman).

Karma

The rule that your actions, good or bad, will affect your future (karma).

Samsara

The cycle of being born, dying, and being born again (saṃsāra).

Moksha

Getting free from the cycle of rebirth to reach a state of peace (mokṣa).

Dharma

The right way of living or the moral duties a person should follow (dharma).

What are some important symbols in Hindu and Buddhist iconography?

Key symbols include the Lotus (padma) representing purity, the Dharma Wheel (dharmachakra) representing the Buddha's teachings, and the Om symbol (ॐ) representing the essence of reality.

How does iconography communicate religious beliefs?

It uses visual symbols and art to act as a language, conveying complex spiritual truths, stories, and moral lessons to all followers, including those who are non-literate.

How did the infrastructure of the Mauryan, Kushan, and Gupta empires encourage trade and exchange?

Leaders built extensive road systems, rest houses, and wells, which made travel across the Indian subcontinent faster, safer, and cheaper for merchants and travelers.

How did leaders in the Mauryan, Kushan, and Gupta empires gain and maintain legitimacy?

They used religious patronage (funding temples and stupas), military strength, and infrastructure development to prove their power and divine right to rule.

What are some important accomplishments that occurred during the Gupta Empire?

Notable achievements include the discovery of the concept of zero (0), the decimal system, advancements in astronomy, and the creation of classic Sanskrit literature.

Why are the accomplishments of the Gupta Empire historically significant?

They created a 'Golden Age' of knowledge that spread along trade routes, eventually influencing global mathematics, medicine, and science for centuries.

What is the difference between diversity and pluralism?

Diversity is simply the fact of many different groups existing in one place, while pluralism is the active effort and respect required for those groups to thrive together.

What are some similarities and differences between Hinduism and Buddhism?

Both believe in karma and saṃsāra (rebirth), but Hinduism follows the caste system and the Vedas, while Buddhism rejects caste and focuses on the Four Noble Truths.