Biology 2 plants

cuticle

a waxy layer that covers the non woody, aboveground parts of most plants

stoma

lets plants exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

guard cell

one of a pair of cells that open and close the stomata

vascular system

a system of well-developed vascular tissues

nonvascular plant

plant that has no vascular system

vascular plants

a plant that has a vascular system

seed

a structure that contains a plant embryo

seed plant

a vascular plant that produces seeds

flower

a reproductive structure that makes pollen and seeds

phloem

tissue made of soft-walled cells that carry organic molecules

xylem

tissue made of hard-walled cells that carry water and mineral nutrients

shoot

the part of a plant's body that grow mostly upward

root

the parts of a plant's body that grows mostly downward

meristem

the zone of actively dividing plant cells

embryo

an early stage in the development of a plant or animal

rhizoids

hair like projections that attach a plant to a surface

angiosperms

a seed plant that bears fruit

cereal

grass grown for animals and humans to eat

vegetative part

botanical part of a plant that serves as food

dicots

flowering platns with two seed leaves

stomata

opens and closes to let oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in plants

seed

made up of a plant embryo surround by a protective coat

grain

the part of a cereal grass that you can eat

archegonium

a structure that makes eggs

antheridium

a structure that makes sperm

sorus

a group of sporangia on a fern frond

pollen grain

contains a male gametophyte of a seed plant

ovule

the part of the sporophyte in which the female gametophyte develops

pollination

the transfer of pllen grains from the male to the female reproductive structure

pollen tube

grows from pollen grain to an ovule

seed coat

protects the embryo of a seed from injury

cotyledon

leaflike structure that is part of a plant embryo

sepal

one of the flower parts that protects a flower from damage when it is a bud

petal

one of the flower parts that attract insects

stamen

a flower structure that is made of a threadlike filament topped with an anther

anther

a pollen-producing sac

pistil

a flower structure that makes ovules

ovary

a pistil's swollen lower portion

double fertilization

two sperm fusing with cells of the female gametophyte to make both a zygote and an endosperm

vegetative reproduction

the type of reproduction by which plants make offspring form vegatative parts

plant propagation

growing new plants from vegatative parts

tissue culture

a new way to grow plants form pieces of plant tissue

dermal tissue

forms the protective outer layer of a plant

ground tissue

makes up much of the inside of the nonwoody parts of a plant

epidermis

dermal tissue in teh nonwoody parts of a plant

cork

dermal tissue on woddy plants and roots that prevents damage and water loss

vessel

conducting strands of xylem

sieve tube

conducting strand in phloem

cortex

ground tissue surrounding the vascular bundles in a stem

root hair

one of the projections of epidermal cells just behind the root tip that takes in water and minerals

rooot cap

a cell mass that covers and protects an actively plant growing root tip

herbaceous

plants with stems that are flexible and usually green

vascular bundle

a bundle of xylem and phloem in herbaceous plants

pith

ground tissue in the center of a stem or root

heartwood

the wood in the center of a mature stem or tree trunk

sapwood

lies outside the heartwood and has vessel cells that can conduct water

petiole

a stalk that attaches a leaf to a stem

mesophyll

the ground tissue in a leaf

transpiration

the loss of water vapor from a plant

source

the part of a plant that provides organic compounds for other parts of the plant

sink

the part of the plant that organic compounds are delivered to.

translocation

the movement of organic compounds within a plant from a source to a sink

perennial

a plant that lives for several years

primary growth

growth that increases the length or height of a plant

cork cambium

the meristem that lies inside the bark

apical meristem

region where primary growth happens

biennial

plant that takes two growing seasons to complete its life cycle

vascular cambium

the meristem that lies just under the bark

annual

a plant that completes its life cycle and dies within one growing season

secondary growth

growth that increases the width of a plant's stems & roots

germination

when a plant embryo restarts its growth

mineral nutrient

needed by plants in small amounts

auxin

a hormone that causes a stem to bend toward light

hormone

a chemical made in one part and transported to another part of an organism, where it causes a response

apical dominance

the inhibition of the growth of buds along a stem by the apical meristem

tropism

when a plant grows either toward or away from a stimulus

photoperiodism

the response of plants to the length of days and nights

dormancy

condition in an inactive seed or plant