Anatomy exam ch 4

epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts

connective tissue

protects and supports the body and its organs

muscular tissue

cells specialized for contraction and generation of force

nervous tissue

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body

tight junctions

weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes

adhering junction

contain plaque- dense layer of proteins in membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and microfilaments

desmosomes

have glycoproteins that extend into intercellular space and attach to one another

hemidesmosomes

attach to intermediate filaments and anchor cells to the basement membrane

gap junctions

connect neighboring cells but are not fused together and have a bit of space

surface epithelium

outer covering of skin and some internal organs

glandular

secreting portion of glands

apical surface

free surface that receives cell secretions

lateral surface

contain junctions

basal surface

adhere to extracellular materials

basement membrane

thin extracellular layer that has two layers; basal lamina and reticular lamina

simple epithelium

single layer of cells

psudostratified

appears to have multiple layers

stratified

two or more layers of cells, protect underlying tissue

squamous

thin, rapid passage of stubstances

cuboidal

cubes or hexagons; may have microvilli, secretion, and absorption

columnar

taller than they are wide; protect underlying tissues; secretion and absorption

transitional

cells change shape as organs stretch

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cells; lines the cardiovascular and lymphatic system

simple cuboidal

covers surface of ovary & lens of eye

nonciliated simple columnar

lines digestive canal

ciliated simple columnar

lines small tubes and uterine tubes

merocrine glands

secretions synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER

apocrine glands

accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell

holocrine glands

accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol

fibroblasts

large, flat cells with branching processes and are present in all the general connective tissues

macrophages

phagocytes that develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell

plasmocytes

most reside in connective tissue, especially in the digestive canal and respiratory tracts

mast cells

involved in the inflammatory response, can bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria

adipocytes

fat cells or adipose cells, connective tissue cells that store triglycerides

leukocytes

not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissue

Mesenchyme

has irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells embedded in semifluid ground substance that contains delicate reticular fibers; forms almost all other types of connective tissue

mucous connective tissue

has widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers

Connective tissue proper

flexible and has a viscous ground substance with abundant fibers

loose connective tissue

fibers loosely arranged between cells

areolar connective tissue

one of the most widely distributed tissues; consists of fibers arranged randomly and several kinds of cells; strength, elasticity, and support

adipose connective tissue

cells derived from fibroblasts that are specialized for the storage of triglycerides; reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports and protects organs

reticular connective tissue

fine interlacing network of reticular fibers and reticular cells; forms stroma of organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen

dense regular connective tissue

forms shiny while extracellular matrix; provides strong attachment between various structures

dense irregular connective tissue

made up of collagen fibers, usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts; provides tensile strength in many directions

elastic connective tissue

contains predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts between them; allows stretching of various organs and is strong and can recoil to original shape after being stretched

cartilage

dense network of collagen fibers or elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate

hyaline cartilage

contains a resilient gel as ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish white shiny substance; provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility and support

fibrous cartilage

has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix; supporting and joining structures together and it is the strongest cartilage

elastic cartilage

has chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibers within extracellular matrix; provides strength and elasticity

compact bone tissue

consists of osteons that contain bone lamellae, bone lacunae, osteocytes, bone canaliculi, and osteonic canals; support, protection, storage, houses blood-forming tissue

spongy bone tissue

consists of thin columns called bone trabeculae; support, protection, storage, houses blood-forming tissue

mucous membrane

lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior

serous membrane

lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior, and it covers the organs that are within the cavity

cutaneous

covers the entire surface of the body and consists of superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the epidermis

synovial membrane

line the cavities of partially to freely moveable joints