PHARM 111- Midterm Review

Monocytes are known as ____________________ when in tissues

Macrophages

What two steps of respiration are done by the respiratory system?

Pulmonary ventilation (movement of air in and out of the lungs) and external respiration (movement of CO2 and O2 between the lungs and the blood)

What two steps of respiration are done by the circulatory system?

Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood & internal respiration (exchange of O2 and CO2 between tissues and blood vessels)

Upper respiratory system components

Nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

Lower respiratory system components

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli

Two regions of the nose

External nose and nasal cavity

Which is not a function of the nose?

- Moistens and warms entering air

- Resonating chamber for speech

- Filters and cleans air to be expired

- Houses olfactory receptors

Filters and cleans air to be expired

The nose filters and cleans inspired air

Anterior margin of the nose

dorsum nasi

Nares are bound laterally by __________

Alae

Three bones that form the external nose

Nasal bone (bridge), frontal bone (root), maxillary bone (lateral aspects)

What type of nose cartilage has lateral processes?

Septal cartilage

What forms the nasal septum?

Anteriorly by septal cartilage and posteriorly by the vomer bone and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

The hard and soft palate

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

Ethmoid and sphenoid bone

the opening where the nasal cavity turns into the nasopharynx

Posterior nasal apertures (choanae)

Vibrissae

Hairs in the nasal vestibule that filter coarse particles from inspired air

Nasal vestibule

nasal cavity superior to nostrils

Which mucous membrane in the nose has goblet cells?

Respiratory mucosa

Which mucous membrane in the nose has olfactory epithelium?

Olfactory mucosa

This type of mucous membrane in the nose has secretions including lysozyme and defensins which provide protection against antigens

Seromucous mucosa

Nasal conchae

scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Nasal meatus

Grooves inferior to each nasal conchae

Functions of the nasal conchae

Their shape helps to increase mucosal area and enhance air turbulence. During inhalation, they filter heat and moisten air and during exhalation, they reclaim heat and moisture

Paranasal sinuses

They form a ring around the nasal cavities. They are located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. There is 8 in total, 2 for each bone.

Function of the paranasal sinuses

They function to lighten the skull, secrete mucus, and help to warm and moisten air

Rhinitis is inflammation of _________________

Nasal mucosa. It can spread from the throat to chest because the nasal mucosa is continuous with mucosa of the respiratory tract

How does a sinus headache occur?

Rhinitis spreads to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses, causing blockage of sinus passageways. Absorption of air will produce a vacuum which will result in a sinus headache.

The pharynx runs from the base of the skull to the ______ vertebrae

C6

Tonsils located on the posterior wall

Pharyngeal (adenoids)

Auditory tube (eustachian tube) function

To drain and equalize pressure in the middle ear and open into lateral walls

What closes the nasopharynx during swallowing?

The soft palate and uvula

Which part(s) of the pharynx is lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium?

Nasopharynx

Which part(s) of the pharynx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium?

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Isthmus of fauces

Opening to the oral cavity in the oropharynx

Where are palatine tonsils located?

Lateral walls of the fauces in the oropharynx

Where are lingual tonsils located?

The posterior surface of the tongue

The part of the pharynx directly posterior to the epiglottis

Laryngopharynx

What is the function of Waldeyer's Tonsilar Ring

Forms a protective ring that makes contact with the immune system and detects airborne pathogens

What tonsils are most prone to tonsilitis?

Adenoids

Conducting zone

conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites. They cleanse warms, and humidifies air and includes all other respiratory structures

Respiratory zone

site of gas exchange that consists of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Larynx extends from C3 to C6 and attaches to this bone

Hyoid bone

Three functions of the larynx

Provides airway, routes air and food into proper channels, and voice production

Which cartilage of the larynx is not hyaline?

Epiglottis (elastic)

Which cartilage contains the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)

Thyroid cartilage

Which cartilage of the larynx is ring shaped?

Cricoid cartilage

Which is not one of the paired cartilages?

- Arytenoid

- Cricoid

- Cuneiform

- Corniculate

Cricoid

Epiglottis function

blocks the air tract (laryngeal inlet) during swallowing

False vocal cord (vestibular fold)

upper region, no sound produced, close larynx when swallowing

Vocal fold function

True vocal cord that leads to the formation of sound

What cartilages of the larynx can we see in an external view?

Thyroid (laryngeal prominence) cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

_________________________ form the core of the true vocal cords

Vocal ligaments. They attach arytenoid and thyroid cartilage

Why do vocal ligament elastic fibres appear white?

They are avascular

Glottis

Opening between vocal cords. Speech is the intermittent release of expired air during opening and closing of the glottis

How is pitch determined in the vocal cords?

By length and tension of the vocal cords

How is loudness determined in the vocal cords?

The force of air

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the vocal folds causing swelling which interferes with vibrations. This results in a hoarse voice and may limit speaking to a whisper. Most often caused by viral infections

True or false. The trachea is rigid and not flexible

False

Outermost layer of connective tissue in the trachea

Adventitia

16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of the trachea are found in this layer

Submucosa

Type of epithelium found in the trachea

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

The trachealis is made up of...

Smooth muscle

This muscle contracts during coughing to expel mucus

Trachealis

Carina

The last tracheal cartilage found at the point where trachea branches into two main bronchi.

The mucosa of _____________ are highly sensitive and violent coughing will be triggered if any foreign object makes contact with it.

Carina

Without ciliary activity, ___________________ is the only way to prevent mucus from accumulating in the lungs

Coughing

Smokers with respiratory congestion should avoid medications that...

Inhibit cough reflex (they have no cilia to expel mucus from the lungs)

Air passages undergo ____ orders of branching in the bronchial tree

23

Each main bronchus enters the __________ of one lung

Hilum

Objects in the trachea tend to go into the __________ (right/left) bronchus as a result of its wider diameter

Right

Which lobe of the lung has 2 secondary bronchi?

Left

Bronchioles are less than __ mm in diameter

1

The last part of the conducting zone

Terminal bronchioles

In bronchioles, _________________ replace irregular plates of hyaline cartilage

Elastic fibers

Bronchioles are lined by this type of epithelium

Cuboidal

Why is smooth muscle more plentiful in bronchioles

It allows bronchioles to provide substantial resistance to air passage

Where do respiratory zone structures begin in the bronchial tree?

Respiratory bronchioles

True or false. Conducting zone structures can perform gas exchange

False

What type of epithelium is found in type I alveolar cells

Simple squamous

What type of epithelium is found in type II alveolar cells

Simple cuboidal

What type of alveolar cells are responsible for secreting surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

Type II

_____________________________ connect adjacent alveoli and equalize air pressure throughout the lung and provide alternate routes in case of blockages

Alveolar pores

The horizontal fissure is found dividing which lung lobes

Right superior and right middle

What structure is the reason that the left lung only has two lobes

Cardiac notch for the heart

True or false. Each bronchopulmonary segment is served by its own artery, vein, and bronchus

True

What makes lungs elastic and spongy?

Elastic connective tissue and stroma

Fill in the blanks:

Right superior lobe: _ segments

Right middle lobe: _ segments

Right inferior lobe: _ segments

Left superior lobe: _ segments

Left inferior lobe: _ segments

3

2

5

3-5

5

Left (8-10), Right (10)

____________________________ deliver systemic venous blood from the heart to lungs for oxygenation

Pulmonary arteries

______________________________ carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones back to the heart

Pulmonary veins

Pulmonary circulation is considered _____ pressure and ______ volume

Low; High

Mediastinum

space between the lungs

Parietal pleura

membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs

Visceral pleura

membrane on external lung surface

Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura often due to this underlying cause

Pneumonia

Symptoms of pleurisy

Stabbing pain with breathing and increased fluid production which hinders breathing

Pleural effusion

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

760 mm Hg

Ppul

Intrapulmonary pressure: pressure in alveoli

Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) _____________ slightly when you breathe out and _______________ slightly when you breathe in

Increases; decreases

Intrapleural pressure (Pip)

The pressure in the pleural cavity that fluctuates with breathing