GD History - Section 2

hoardings

large scale collections of broadsheet posters assembled to contain visual communications

broadsheet poster

most visual type of inexpensive mass printed material in the 19th century, large posters printed with relief wood type, woodcut images and wood engravings

Victorian

1850s term used to express a new conscieousness of the industrial eras spirit, culture and morality

Victorian ornamentation

combined a variety of styles, gothic, roman, neoclassism, baroque etc

electrotyping

process incolving pressing wood engraving into wax to make a mold, which was dusted with graphite to make it conductive, a deposit of metal was made in the mold. The thin copper was backed with lead and this harder printing surface lead to more printing

Ornamented type

further technological advancements led to further and further ornaments. More was better in this era

fat face type

A Roman face whose

contrast and weight have been

increased by expanding the

thickness of the heavy strokes.

egyptian typefaces

defined by thick slab serifs

clarendon typefaces

egyptian with bigger contrast between strokes

pantograph

movement in one pen creates identical movement in another

sans serif

uniform strokes, strong geomerty and vertical stress

bold fat face

extreme contrast between widths and horizaontal strokes, Draws attention

slab serifs

fearures heavy rectangular serifsli

linotype & monotype

allowed typesetters to work with apunch and keyboard. Lino=entire line justified. Mono=2 seperate machines to produce type character by character

american type founders

group of 23 type foundaries that sought to set standardized prices for types as well as control copyrights

franklin gothic

first typefaces under new leadership, produced in a single heavyweight style

akzidenz grotesque

effiecient german typeface, almost monoline letter forms

Lithography

The process based on the

principle that oil and water

don’t mix, allowed images to be

drawn directly onto flat stones

with an oil-based crayon, pen or

pencil.

chromolithography

A process where multiple

stones were registered

and printed in succession

to create layered, multi-

color images.

Rotary Lithographic Press

In this process the type and

imagery were placed on a

rotating cylinder instead of a

flat bed which led to a much

faster transfer of multi-color as

well as single color images.

overprinting

he process of layering carefully

selected colors

to blend and create mixes

of color, expanding the overall

range.

currier and ives

heir intent on providing

“Cheap and Popular Prints”

enabled the firm to produce

over seven thousand unique

designs that resulted in well

over a million prints over the

next few decades.

lithocaustic method

This process covered the

etching with a mix of

citric acid and gum Arabic

so that the lithographer could

see the progress of shaded

patterns as they

were etched into the stone.

camera obscura

A camera obscura is a dark box

with a small hole or lens at one

side through which an image is

projected onto the side

opposite the hole.

heliogravura

The process of using

oiled transparent paper

to expose images onto

pewter sheet coated in light-

sensitive material.

daguerreotypes

he process of transferring

images to a metal plate

covered in photo-sensitive silver

plating through a

device similar to the

camera obscura.

photogenic drawing

Process of soaking paper

in brine solution and treating

with solution of silver

nitrate to form an insoluble

light-sensitive compound

on paper.

calotype

The chemical process of

exposing images onto paper

coated with silver chloride

creating a negative.