drastic reduction in the cost of spreading information (renaissance ideas spread)
rise of vernacular language (standardization of language in large areas, an increase of national culture)
A challenge to the church(church loses monopoly on education & information, new ideas spread criticizing the church)

Christan Humanism

An intellectual movement that attempted to use humanist ideas to reform the catholic church

Causes

Northern scholars exposed to Italian education
emphasis on philology, history, languages, and questioning of a medieval tradition

%%Christian Humanism%%

believed that to change how people see the church and Christian doctrine they need to be able to read the book (the Bible that was historically written in Latin) where the ideals of the church are coming from. they constituted that “in order to change the society they must change who composes said society.

Erasmus, the most influential Christian humanist (1466-1536)

the handbook of the Christian knight (print 1503) reflected his idea of how Christianity should be viewed as a Philosophy or, “the Philosophy or christ” Christianity should be treated as merit to live our daily lives by not a loose set of morals.
he emphasized acts of inner faith and fewer outside displays of faith.
believed that the earliest form of the bible called the “Vulgate” had errors, in turn, he translated an early greek manuscript of the new testament this is considered his best work
to him the best way to reform the church was to give an understanding of the philosophy of Christianity with early sources of Christian doctrine, and criticisms of the church.
“Erasmus laid the egg and Luther hatched it” he would later go on the renounce the protestant reformers
only wanted to reform within the church not spilt the church
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Thomas More (1478-1535)

praised a devote Christian and spent lots of time in contraction
wrote one of the most controversial and widely speculated things in his time in his book “utopia” (1516)
Utopia (Latin for nowhere) was a book that was a social commentary on the world around More at the time, displayed somewhere in the new world the book described the idealistic life of humans if we gave ourselves to the law of reason nor power or fame
Utopia is described as a communal and equitable space where each was given according to one’s needs.
he later justified himself working for the king (henry VIII) as a realistic take on how to live his life because others are prejudiced against equitable lives with others
even though he was an idealist he was always a realist on the other hand and displayed that in his own social commentary

^^The Eve of the Reformation^^

Catholic Corruption fueled the reformation, to pay for the completion of saint peters cathedral the church started to give out indulgences, pluralism(caused absentee in some church positions bc bishops archbishops, and other church officials took more than one job)

Basic Characteristics of the reformation

the selling of indulgences promoted the

==Luther/Lutherism==

Martin Luther's road to heresy

Early life

miners son, law school dropout
Struggle for salvation
the wickedness of a man and insufficiency

Revelation

salvation through faith alone
(no church needed)
Therefore the just shall live by faith- Roamans, pauls letter to the Romans
the idea that you do not need to deserve salvation but you have it because you believe in Jesus

The indulgence Controversy

95 Theses (published 1517)
you can buy Indulgence to get out of purgatory for yourself or relatives, emotional blackmail to get money for st. peters basilica
95 different reasons why the pope is wrong and that indulgences are wrong
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^^The splintering of the protestant movement^^

Switzerland

the swiss confederation
reform theology spreads too quickly to swiss towns or Cantons
Zwingli In Zurich (1519-15 31)
1519: chosen as priest
1522: adopts luther ideals → the affair of sausages (party to get rid of Catholics, meet during lint)
1523-1531 ideas catch on and Spread to cantons(towns)
==attempted cooperation with Luther agreement on 14 to 15 articles==
==disagreement on the eucharist breaks the deal==
killed in battle with cannon (1531)

The Luther problem: escalating acts of defiance

Leipzig debate 1519

Johann Eck forces Luther to deny the authority of the pope
Ja, Ich bin ein hussite ( i like jan huss)

Letter to the german Nobility 1520

@@Formulates radical theology (why it’s profitable to side with further: control what peasants believe, keep the 1/3 of gold and silver they send to the church.)@@
calls for nobles to oppose the pope

diet of the worms

Here I stand I can do no other Ahmen
invited to have an audience with the emporor

Propaganda war

Translates new testament into german

Launches massive propaganda campaign
between 1520 and 15 26, 25% of all pamphlets sold are works by Luther (1.5 mill.)
A New Theology
[ ] ==Sola faith = faith as the sole requirement for salvation==
[ ] ==sola = bible as a sole source of doctrine==

A new church

Church’s main purpose is to spread and maintain the faith
pastors are to live as all the other men
%%all individuals should read the bible→ Literacy%%
secular rulers control and protect the church of their realm($$)

Spread of luthierism

Towns and territorial lords in HRE are not Catholics anymore

The radical reformation

the problem with Sola Scriptura…

Church tradition existed to keep order telling people that they can interpret the bible caused people to have differing opinions

Thomas Muntzer and the peasant wars 1525
the Anabaptists and the Munster rebellion 1534
allows different interpretations of the Bible
Luther sides against the radicals, keeping support to the elite

The Anabaptists

Polygamy is cool
baptism has to be done when someone is old enough
these beliefs are not popular making them try to take a city (the Anabaptists and Munster rebellion)
the Anabaptists are starved for a year by the bishop
the Anabaptists try to set up a holy city
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@@Calvinism@@

Calvin in Geneva (1541-1949)
Trained as a lawyer in France, rejects catholicism around 1530
flees to Switzerland, develops his own religious ideas, becomes leader of geneva, and is able to implement his new ideas
ideas spread widely: other swiss towns,France and the Netherlands
Predtmination
God is all knowing→ he already knows if you are saved
Constant work for the sake of community=salvation
Dancing,drinking,gambling,non-reproductive sex,Laziness= Damnation

The church is the community of the elect Sign of damnation = expulsion from the church

Rejection of transubstation

the bread is just bread

Anglicanism/apiscapalianism

Founded in 1533

the political motivation for the split

Multiple divorces
confiscation of church property's

A weak Protestantism Catholicism without a pope

150 years of religious turmoil

Puritans →

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%%The religious wars of Philip II%%

Dutch/ 80 years war

Why…

@@Religious reasons, the ottomans@@

(the Netherlands start being Calvists bc they were close to Germany)
the Spanish try to attack the protestants but can’t because they don’t have the right ships
they’re safe from ottomans but still, pay tax

Why they the spainish lost….

^^dutch revolt but Spain can’t get to the Netherlands bc their navy supply for the Atlantic is In the Netherlands^^
it takes months to get soldiers there and most of them die or desert the army
no national identity makes the men’s morals bad
spain’s rich so they keep going
the dutch take spains empire/ takes spains money bc dutch takes Panama away and spains silver
%%Technological advancements %%
==Star forts== developed in Italy
made to protect against cannons
artificial hill basically
cannons on all sides
men had to camp outside camps
dutch invent capitalism???

English

Complicated relationship with England

marriage to mary I of England 1554-1558 to Philip II to make England and Spain into a catholic monarchy
Mary dies and changes history, we would be catholic Spanish speakers
proposal of marriage to Elizabeth I and rejection
English competition in Atlantic
Privetires & Exploration
English support of dutch rebels
the defeat of the Spanish armada(1588)
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The decline of Spain

Expansion of ottomans halted

failure to unite chirisdom (back to Catholicism)

==Declining Spanish econ.==

Inflation from silver imports
loss of Netherlands
defaults risk of bankruptcy
@@Spanish rivals go unchecked@@
England ascendant
holland independent
France emerges centralized after wars of religion

^^French Wars Of Religion^^

Factions 1560-1580

Royalists (strong royal house)

Cathrine De’medici
- Henry III
- Francis II

Catholics

Chill
Extremists((called Catholic Leagues)) (Guise)

Huguenots(prodistants want to exist)

House of bourbon
Duc deConde

Spread of Calvinism in France by 1560

Henry II dies in 1559 Fron a lance to the face

Power Vacuum: Francis II and Duc de Guise(radical Catholic)

Protestant Plot and Cathlioc Reaction

Protestants seek to remove Francis from Paris
Plot discovered: the protestant
Francis dies, Conde Escapes both sides prepare for War 1562

St. Bartolomew’s Massacare

Cathrine demeici Calls for all protestants to be killed within a day
Bad for extreme Cahliocs and royalists (most wanted normalcy but the queen and Catholics made life hard)

Renewal of conflict

Shifting Factions
- Huguenots and POlitiques(Politicas above Religion)
- Isolated Crown (Losing power)
- Extreme Cathliocs Arm Peasants and clergy

War of the 3 Henrys

Henry III dies (Valois)
Henry Guise Dies
Henry Of Bourbon(was a protestant convert to take Paris)
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**Edict Of The Nantes-**The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights

Effect: Crowns now Stable, Prodistants Now tolerated,s Spains’ rival is now Tolerates protestants.

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==30 Years War==

Pike shot war Far( people stand with pikes then people with guns behind them and shoot the enemy)
still Mercenary Armies
A large army eats all the food and takes German resources
Germany loses 30-60% of pop.

each army leaves, fame, death,& sickness in its wake

The Spark Of the war(bohemian Phase)

Ferdinand Habsburg attempts to revoke the religious freedom of Bohmian Protestants
Protestant Noblemen throw Ferdinand's top advisers out of window(1618)
Rebelling Protestants declare Fredrick V the new king of bohemians
German and Bohman protestants face off against cathlioc forces from Austria, southern Germany, and Spain
Protestants were crushed at the battle of white Mutian in 1620

Danish Phase

Habsburgsin on offince

Elimination of Protestantism in bohemia and parts of southern Germany
Spain renews war on the Netherlands (1621)
Denmark forms a protestant alliance(1626)
England, northern Germany holand
secret funding from France
Catholics advance north
Catholic defeated a protestant alliance
catholic occupation of northern Germany

Swedish phase

Sweden intervenes

The Swedish war machine
- Professional soldiers
- Lights cannon(field artillery, Moveable cannons)
- New infantry tactics (more muskets less pike)
Push back Catholics
- Battle of Lutzen(gustavis dies sweeds loose moral
Protestants occupy southern Germany