A&P Lab Chapt 4

If you eat too much carbohydrate, it can be stored as fat.

  True

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA but not RNA?

  Thymine

A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in

  glycolysis.

A cofactor is ______ and examples are _____.

  a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc

An enzyme is

a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

DNA, RNA, and protein molecules can carry information because

they consist of sequences of building blocks.

An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphates.

 

True

The enzyme catalase acts on the substrate

hydrogen peroxide.

A metabolic pathway is a particular sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions.

\n   True

In adipose tissue, fat molecules form when fatty acid molecules and glycerol join by hydrolysis.

False

The reactions of anaerobic respiration take place in the

  cytoplasm.

A sequence of DNA 333 nucleotides long that is part of a gene encodes ___ amino acids.

  111

Proteins are critical to metabolism because all proteins are enzymes.

  False

What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells?

They hold energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes.

Aerobic respiration

 requires oxygen.

A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes a portion of a protein of sequence

  leu-pro-arg-gly-ala

Transcription and translation differ in that

 transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.

During the anaerobic phase of respiration, pyruvic acid reacts to form glucose.

False

The metabolome includes

all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism

Humans require vitamins in their diets because these nutrients

act as cofactors.

A rate-limiting enzyme usually acts at the end of a metabolic pathway.

  False

In dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate,

monosaccharides join.

For each citric acid molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, 2 ATPs, 16 H atoms, and 4 CO2 molecules are produced.

 

False

In DNA replication, the two halves of the double helix part and enzymes place A, C, G, and U nucleotides opposite their complements, forming two double helices from one.

 

False

Which of the following best describes the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate?

Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule

In cellular respiration,

  energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules.

DNA transcribed to mRNA always begins with the sequence

  AUG

Enzymes are proteins that promote specific chemical reactions.

  True

Dehydration synthesis is catabolic and hydrolysis is anabolic.

  False

Each individual has her or his own genetic code.

  False

The genome sequences of different individuals are

about 99.9% alike

A cell may contain hundreds of different types of enzymes

True

Which of the following is an example of catabolism?

The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.

The synthesis of an ATP molecule requires two ADP molecules.

  False

Anaerobic respiration

  all of the answer choices are correct

A molecule that is common to carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically is

acetyl coenzyme A.

Which DNA sequence can encode the amino acid sequence ile-asp-ser-cys-his-tyr?

\n   all of the answer choices are correct

Oxidation during cellular respiration differs from burning in that respiration

uses enzymes to lower the activation energy.

The electron transport chain is a series of enzyme complexes that pass electrons, releasing energy that is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

 

True

An active site of an enzyme is

the part of an enzyme that combines with a product.

The basic steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are:

substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled.

A molecule that carries energy in a form the cell can use is

  ATP.

A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes an mRNA of sequence

  UUGCCACGUGGUGCC

ATP is important to cellular processes because it

provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.

In the DNA damage response

repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA.

A DNA molecule is a double helix in which A pairs with C and T pairs with G.

False

During DNA replication,

  the DNA double helix comes apart where hydrogen bonds join base pairs, and new nucleotides are brought in, forming two double helices

Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions in a cell.

 True

One reason that protein synthesis is important is that

enzymes are proteins and enzymes are essential to metabolism.

In the citric acid cycle

  carbon dioxide is released.

The genetic code is the correspondence between DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of a protein.

  True

Codons are part of

mRNA.

How many codons specify the twenty types of amino acids

  61

The polymerase chain reaction is a lab version of

DNA replication.

A different enzyme may catalyze the formation and the breakdown of the same molecule.

 True

Oxidation forms chemical bonds.

False

DNA profiling

compares the most variable parts of the genome for a variety of applications.

An active site is the part of a substrate molecule that binds an enzyme.

  False 

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of RNA but not DNA?

\n   Uracil

Anabolic metabolism refers to

  biochemical reactions that synthesize compounds.

Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration?

ATP

Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____.

lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds

A mutation can cause disease if

the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein's functioning.

A chaperone protein

  helps a protein to fold.

An example of an anabolic reaction is

  many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen.

If one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is

AGTCCGATAAGGGC.

Anaerobic respiration occurs in _____, whereas aerobic respiration occurs in ______.

cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required

Releasing the energy in glucose molecules is an example of catabolism.

  True

DNA and RNA differ in strandedness, type of sugar, and types of nitrogenous bases.

True

The name of an enzyme ends in

\-ase

A DNA strand of ACTTCGCATG, when replicated, would yield a strand of the same sequence.

False

Copying DNA information into an mRNA molecule is called

  transcription.

MicroRNAs

are all of the above

A DNA sequence of CGCTTACGATTG would be transcribed into an RNA sequence of GCGAAUGCUAAC.

True

Oxidation of glucose is important because it releases energy.

  True

Which of the following is true?

Much of the genome does not encode protein.

Catabolism refers to

breakdown of large molecules.

Energy is defined as

  the capacity of matter to change.

The two strands of a DNA molecule have opposite orientation.

  True

Arsenic poisoning harms the body by

interfering with cellular extraction of energy from glucose.

Genetic information is contained in protein molecules and is passed from one parent to another.

False

Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes?

They are most active at temperatures about 53 degrees C.

A peptide bond forms between

adjacent amino acids held on a ribosome and bound to tRNAs.

Transcription yields protein and translation produces RNA.

False

DNA replication occurs

  during interphase of the cell cycle.

Three types of genetic changes are

  mutations, SNPs, and changes in copy number.

"Metabolism" refers to

  all of the chemical reactions in a cell.

Synthesis of a protein stops when

  any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA.

A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate is

  glycogen.

Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size?

  nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome

The aerobic phase of respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

 

True

The portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making a protein is called a gene

True

Which of the following is not true regarding RNA?

  It is double-stranded.

A mutation is

a change in a DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology.

The genetic code is

the correspondence between a DNA nucleotide and a specific amino acid.

Three factors that increase the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions are the

number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme.

Catabolism builds up molecules and anabolism breaks down molecules.

 

False

An important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways under physiological conditions is

negative feedback.

When a sucrose molecule is decomposed to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule

 

water molecule is used.

All of the genetic information in a cell is a genome.

  True