modern art

Romanticism

Art movement emphasizing emotion and individualism.

Neoclassicism

Art style preceding Romanticism, focused on order.

Friedrich von Schlegel

Coined 'Romanticism' in 1798 for poetry.

Gothic novels

Literary genre influencing Romanticism's themes.

French Revolution

1789-1799 event inspiring Romantic ideals.

Napoleonic Wars

1804-1815 conflicts heightening nationalism in Europe.

Industrial Revolution

Period of urbanization and class struggles.

Subjective emotion

Focus on personal feelings over rational thought.

Cult of the Individual

Emphasis on personal creativity and genius.

Victor Hugo

Romantic writer advocating for individual truth.

Nationalism

Collective identity through shared culture and language.

Eroica Symphony

Beethoven's 1804 work symbolizing liberty and democracy.

Proletariat

Working class emerging from industrialization.

Bourgeoisie

Wealthy middle class gaining political power.

Key Figures

Notable artists and writers of the Romantic era.

Caspar David Friedrich

Painter known for 'Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog'.

Beethoven

Composer pivotal in Romantic music evolution.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher influencing Romantic thought on emotion.

Sturm und Drang

Literary movement emphasizing emotion and individualism.

Legacy of Romanticism

Continued influence on art and cultural identity.

Artistic focus

Pride in local landscapes and personal expression.

Social upheaval

Response to Enlightenment failures and societal changes.

Surrealism

Art movement aimed at liberating the individual.

Melting clocks

Iconic surrealist imagery representing distorted time.

Guillaume Apollinaire

Coined 'Surrealism' in 1917, defining creative freedom.

Romanticism

Art movement influencing surrealist themes and aesthetics.

Dada

Art movement rejecting tradition to disrupt modern life.

Automatism

Unconscious, involuntary creativity embraced by surrealists.

André Breton

Authored Surrealist Manifesto, promoting psychic automatism.

Freud's theory

Influenced surrealism through concepts of the unconscious.

Revolutionary potential

Surrealism aimed at social change and liberation.

Exquisite Corpse

Surrealist game creating collaborative, unexpected artworks.

Chance in art

Artists relinquished control to chance and materials.

Shadowgrams

Technique using light and shadows for surreal effects.

Found objects

Utilized everyday items to inspire creativity and imagination.

Juxtaposition

Placing contrasting elements together to provoke thought.

Meret Oppenheim

Created fur-covered teacup, blending playfulness and uncanny.

Max Ernst

Known for collages that tell surreal stories.

Salvador Dalí

Developed paranoiac-critical method, exploring madness scientifically.

Anti-colonial stance

Surrealists protested colonialism and racism in art.

The uncanny

Freud's concept of familiar made strange in art.

Magritte's pipe

Illustrates image vs reality in surrealism.

Photography in surrealism

Used as a doubling process to enhance surreal effects.

Post-Impressionism

Term coined by critic Roger Fry in 1910. Emphasized inner expression over outer observation.

Impressionism

Focused on capturing fleeting moments, light, and natural scenes.

Vincent Van Gogh

Known for expressive brushwork, emotional intensity, and vibrant colors.

Georges Seurat

Invented Pointillism, applying pure color in dots to achieve optical blending.

Paul Gauguin

Sought symbolism and primitivism to escape European modernity.

Paul Cezanne

Focused on form, structure, and composition.

Impasto Technique

Used thick layers of paint that give texture and emotion.

Pointillism

Technique of applying pure color in dots to achieve optical blending.

Vincent van Gogh's Famous Works

Includes The Starry Night, Sunflowers, and Self-Portrait with a Bandaged Ear.

Seurat's Influence

Believed art could be methodical and scientific.

Gauguin's Legacy

Influenced Symbolism, Expressionism, and Picasso's Primitivism.

Cezanne's Lasting Impact

Pioneered geometric simplification—influenced Cubism and abstract art.

The Impact of Post-Impressionism

A launchpad for major modern art movements like Fauvism, Cubism, and Expressionism.

Fauvism

Characterized by Matisse's color explosions.

Cubism

Characterized by Picasso's geometric abstractions.

Expressionism

Characterized by Kandinsky's inner worlds.

Vincent van Gogh's Techniques

His posthumous fame grew dramatically in the 20th century.

Seurat's Famous Painting

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.

Gauguin's Controversial Life

Had relationships with underage girls.

Cezanne's Belief

Believed all forms in nature could be reduced to cylinders, spheres, and cones.

Van Gogh's Art Sales

He painted over 2,000 works but sold only one in his lifetime.

Gauguin's Ethical Controversy

Raises questions about judging art independently of the creator's ethics.

Romanticism

Art movement that emphasized emotion and individualism.

Realism

Art focused on depicting everyday life and society.

Positivism

Philosophy emphasizing observable facts and scientific understanding.

Auguste Comte

Coined 'Positivism' and founded sociology.

Physiologies

Pamphlets analyzing niches of French society.

Realpolitik

Pragmatic governance based on practical considerations.

Otto von Bismarck

Unified Germany using Realpolitik by 1870.

Charles Baudelaire

Promoted art reflecting modern life's realities.

Jules-Antoine Castagnary

Claimed beauty exists in the present.

Impressionism

Art movement capturing fleeting moments in modern life.

Rapid outdoor painting

Technique used in Impressionism for immediacy.

Avant-garde

Innovative art for niche audiences, challenging norms.

Commercial art galleries

Replaced academic Salons in showcasing new art.

Gustave Courbet

Pioneered Realism with works like The Stone Breakers.

Claude Monet

Key Impressionist known for Impression, Sunrise.

Édouard Manet

Modern life artist, known for Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe.

Edgar Degas

Impressionist known for capturing movement and dance.

Societal upheaval of 1848

Context for Realism's emergence in art.

Legacy of Realism

Foundation for Modernism and focus on truth.

Cultural turning point

Shift from Romanticism to Realism in art.

Industrialization

Rapid societal changes influencing Realist themes.

Urbanization

Growth of cities impacting artistic focus.

Cubism

Art movement using abstract geometric forms.

Pablo Picasso

Co-founder of Cubism, influential artist.

Georges Braque

Co-founder of Cubism, collaborated with Picasso.

1907

Year Cubism emerged in France.

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

First Cubist painting, distorted figures.

Chiaroscuro

Technique using light and shadow in art.

Analytical Cubism

Cubism phase focusing on form, limited colors.

Synthetic Cubism

Cubism phase introducing collage and color.

Multiple Perspectives

Viewing objects from various angles simultaneously.

Cubist Principles

No fixed foreground/background, 2D surface focus.

Juan Gris

Notable Cubist artist, known for portraits.

Collage

Art technique using real materials in composition.

African Art Influence

Inspired Cubism, emphasized abstraction and masks.