Studied by 3 people
ALL arteries carry blood away from the heart. All veins carry blood toward the heart
accept; artery = away, vein = to
Blood vessels are the medium for exchange between the 70 trillion cells in the body and it is the heart that makes the cardiovascular system efficient in this purpose.
Blood vessels are the transport for the medium between the 70 trillion cells in the body and it is the heart that makes the cardiovascular system efficient in this purpose.
Exchange vessels can be capillaries, arterioles, or venules.
Exchange vessels can be capillaries.
The pulmonary circuit is the vessels that carry blood to and from the lung and the pump for this circuit is the right side of the heart.
accept; definition of pulmonary circuit
inferior vena cava - large vessel that brings O2 poor blood from the thoracic region of the heart
inferior vena cava- large vessel that brings O2 poor blood from the below the diaphragm
left ventricle - is the pump for system circulation, which includes coronary circulation
accept; definition
right and left pulmonary arteries - carry oxygenated blood back to heart
right and left pulmonary veins - carry oxygenated blood back to heart
aortic semilunar valve- prevent backflow of blood into right ventricle
aortic semilunar valve- prevent backflow of blood into left ventricle
The fibrous pericardium is non-serous.
accept; definition
The visceral layer is also called the epicardium.
accept; definition
The myocardium is the connective tissue fibers of the heart skeleton.
The myocardium is the cardiac muscle cells that are tethered together to form the heart skeleton
The pericardial sac is made of tough dense connective tissue and the parietal layer of the pericardium (synthesis)
accept; definition
The aorta is the largest conducting artery and carries oxygenated blood back from the heart
accept; function of aorta
The tricuspid valve is the right atrioventricular valve
accept; definition
The mitral valve contracts to open and allow blood into left ventricle.
The mitral valve contracts to close and prevent back flow into left ventricle
The pulmonary veins (4-5) come from the lungs
accept; definition
Both AV valves have papillary muscles. The contraction of these muscles neither opens nor closes the valve.
accept; definition and function of papillary muscles
The left ventricle has walls that are circular. This increases contraction force of this chamber relative to the right ventricle.
accept; structure and function of left ventricle
Distributing vessels have larger amounts of smooth muscle for the purpose of propelling blood onward during contraction.
Conducting vessels have larger amounts of elastic tissue for the purpose of propelling blood onward during contraction.
At rest, veins function as blood reservoirs because of their large lumen compared to their thin walls.
accept; veins have larger lumen than arteries
Aortic stenosis causes the opening through the aortic semilunar valve to be smaller. this can cause ventricular hypertrophy because the heart must work harder to maintain cardiac output. (synthesis)
accept; heart conditions
Mitral valve prolapse is more prevalent in women, often due to heredity, and results in less oxygenated blood getting to the tissues. Symptoms include fatigue and shortness of breath, especially on exertion.
accept; heart conditions
The bicuspid and tricuspid valves are often replaced by mechanical valves. They are often replaced together because both are associated with the left ventricle and where out because of the pressure this chamber exerts.
The left AV and aortic semilunar valves are often replaced by mechanical valves. They are often replaced together because both are associated with the left ventricle and where out because of the pressure this chamber exerts.
Older people, in their 80s and above, have valve replacement more frequently than younger people because of damage done to their valves by a strep infection in childhood… at a time before ANY antibiotics were available.
accept; extra information on slides we covered but didn’t have
Atrial fibrillation/flutter, results in less blood getting back to the heart and thus, as a result, less blood to tissues.
accept; point to ponder
In a second-degree heart block, the SA node functions and produces P waves.
accept; point to ponder
Arteries that deliver blood to specific organs and arterioles are called “resistance vessels” and are active in vasoconstriction which controls blood flow to specific organs.
accept; definition
Vein have valves, which force blood toward the heart in the muscular pump.
Vein have valves, which prevent backflow, and force blood toward the heart with the muscular pump.
pulmonary trunk - large artery that carries deoxygenated blood toward both lungs. The same amount of blood flows through it as it does in the aorta, with each heartbeat.
accept; definition
capacitance vessels - all vessels in the venous part of circulation
accept; definition
coronary sinus - largest vein in the circulation for the heart (coronary circulation). It drains into the rt. atrium as does all the rest of the systemic circulation.
accept; definition
microcirculation—term that describes all the capillaries in the body.
microcirculation—term that describes the capillary bed of an organ
Angina pectoris is most often caused by blood clots.
Angina pectoris is most often caused by atherosclerosis and ischemia
A myocardial infarction can be treated with nitroglycerine.
Angina pectoris can be treated with nitroglycerine.
Because of the large amount of heart tissue that receives blood from this vessel, atherosclerosis that blocks the left coronary artery will cause a lot of ischemia and thus a lot of chest pain and the most heart damage.
accept; definition of atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease causes half the deaths in the western world. Half of people will die within 1 hr. of the onset of an myocardial infarction. Many people live but then must live with a damaged heart because myocardial tissue does no “functionally regenerate.” (Does little regeneration and mostly fibrosis) (synthesis).
accept; definition
Venous valves can become “incompetent” (not functional). This can cause “varicose veins.”
accept; definition
Blockage in the distil part of the left anterior descending artery affects the left ventricle, near the apex
accept; point to ponder
Autorhythmic cells are 1% of the cardiac cells.
accept; definition
The bundle branch is made up of autorhythmic cells but too slow for pacing the heart to support life. (evaluation)
accept; definition
The primary factors that begin the process of atherosclerosis are a diet high in fat and a sedentary lifestyle.
The primary factors that begin the process of atherosclerosis are tissue damage to tunica intima.
The first sign of atheroma development is macrophages engorged with LDLs, forming a fatty streak.
accept; from atherosclerosis reading
Arteriosclerosis involves complicated plaques with calcium salts in the lesions.
accept; from atherosclerosis reading
A significant part of the action of cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins is their anti-inflammatory activity.
accept; from atherosclerosis reading
The intrinsic cardiac conduction system is made up of the cardiac cells that do not contract.
accept; definition
All cardiac muscle cells are autorhythmic. And can initiate and distribute electrical impulses.
Only 1% cardiac muscle cells are autorhythmic. And can initiate and distribute electrical impulses.
Autorhythmic cells have unstable resting potentials because of slow Na+ movement into the cells.
accept; definition
The opening of voltage gated Ca++ channels cause depolarization at threshold for cardiac cells
accept; definition
The SA node is called the pacemaker because it sends out pacemaker potentials to effectors.
The SA node is called the pacemaker because it has pacemaker potentials
Sinus rhythm under the influence of vagal tone is ~75 beats/min.
accept; sinus rhythm + vagal tone = 75 bpm
The heart exhibits “organ unit contraction” (true statement) because depolarization spreads between cardiac cells through gap junctions. This contrasts with skeletal muscle which exhibits “motor unit contraction.” evaluation
accept; from notes
The AV bundles passes the electrical signal to the bundle branches of the conduction system.
accept; definition
Purkinje fibers - conduction cells that begin near the heart apex that carry the electrical impulse to papillary muscle first and before it goes to ventricular contractile cells.
accept; definition
positive chronotropic factors—Factors that make the duration of the events of the ECG longer.
positive chronotropic factors—factors that increase the heart rate
heart murmur - a heart defect determined by an abnormal ECG
heart arrhythmia - a heart defect determined by an abnormal ECG
cardioaccelatory center - area in the medulla oblongata that sends sympathetic signals through T1-T5 spinal nerves to the heart
accept; definition
The heart continuously receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation, but only sympathetic signals change the strength of heart contraction.
accept; definition
An increase in body temperature will cause the release of norepinephrine at the SA and AV nodes to increase heart rate.
accept; medullar oblongata signals for norepinephrine release for sympathetic response
Parasympathetic nerves always release acetylcholine, which decreases heart rate but not the strength of contraction.
accept; definition
Epinephrine, from the adrenal medulla, increases heart rate. There are no hormones that are negative chronotropic factors.
accept; acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter
The P wave is due to atrial depolarization which causes atrial contraction.
accept; definition
Frequent QRS complexes, which are seen in an ECG of ventricular tachycardia, means the ventricles will be pumping less blood to the body.
accept; point to ponder
It is not an arrhythmia if the duration of electrical events on an ECG are altered but the sequence is normal.
It is an arrhythmia if the duration of electrical events on an ECG are altered but the sequence is normal.
The T wave is a recording of the relaxation of the conduction system in the ventricular septum and the ventricular walls.
The T wave is a recording of the repolarization of the ventricles.
Cardioaccelatory center - area in the cerebrum that gives us an awareness of increasing heart rate.
Cardioaccelatory center - area in the medulla oblongata that gives us an awareness of increasing heart rate.
Positive chronotropic factors - conditions such as emotional trauma and increased body temperature
accept; definition
Vagal tone - the inherent rate of the SA node pacemaker
vagal tone- parasympathetic dominant influence at rest with vagus nerve (lowering to 75 from 100 with SA node pacemaker)
Sinus rhythm - the ECG from the reference man
Sinus rhythm - the inherent rate of SA node pacemaker influence
The cardiac cycle is all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one heartbeat.
accept; definition
The cardiac cycles mechanical events always follow the electrical events of the heart.
accept; electrical → mechanical
Pressure changes directly determine heart sounds
Blood backflowing and bouncing off closed valves changes directly determine heart sounds
In the cardiac cycle, volume changes produce pressure changes, which determine valve action.
In the cardiac cycle, volume changes and valve action determine blood flow
The P wave occurs in the middle of mid to late ventricular diastole. This electrical event causes the atria to contract and eject about 20% of the blood in the ventricle
accept; definition + chart
In ventricular systole, semilunar valves are closed in the beginning and then open in the ventricular ejection phase.
accept; definition
Early ventricular diastole is the same as isovolumetric relaxation.
accept; definition
In isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure is rising at the same time that blood pressure is falling. (evaluation)
accept; look at the chart
The first heart sound occurs simultaneously with the initiation of the QRS complex. It is the sound of the A-V valves closing.
The first heart sound occurs simultaneously with the initiation of the QRS complex. It is the sound of the backflow of blood against AV valves.
Both semilunar and A-V valves are closed for all of isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation.
accept; definition
The dicrotic notch is a momentary surge in systemic arteriole blood pressure as blood bounces off the closed semilunar valves. It is concurrent with the second heart sound.
accept; definition + chart
The cardiac cycle does not include a short pause at the end of ventricular diastole.
The cardiac cycle includes a short pause at the end of ventricular diastole.
blood pressure - average pressure of all arteries and veins
blood pressure—average pressure of the aorta and arteries
heart murmur - abnormal heart sound usually due to a problem with heart valves. It is detected with a stethoscope.
accept; definition
pulse pressure - pressure in aorta when blood is first ejected from the ventricle
pulse pressure - the difference in systolic and diastolic pressure
systolic pressure - highest mean arteriole pressure (MAP), occurs at the end of ventricular contraction
systolic pressure—highest pressure that occurs at the end of ventricular relaxation
Cardiac output is ~ 40 ml/beat for a male and is calculated by multiplying cardiac output by venous return
Cardiac output is ~ 5.25L/minute for a male and is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume
Diastolic blood pressure occurs during ventricular contraction.
accept; at very end of ventricular contraction, we get lowest diastolic pressure
Blood pressure changes little during normal duration of exercise (true statement). There can be up to 7x increase in cardiac output in a well-trained endurance athlete during exercise. This means that your arterioles dilate dramatically to compensate (evaluation).
accept; application
The difference between resting and maximal cardiac output is called cardiac reserve.
accept; definition
The main factor affecting stroke volume is the contractility of the heart muscle.
The main factor affecting stroke volume is the preload.
Increasing venous return increases preload → end diastolic volume(EDV) is increased which increases stroke volume.
accept; look at flow chart
ESV is the blood left in both ventricles (the amount should be the same in each) after contraction.
accept; definition
Afterload is defined as the force of contraction changed by extrinsic factors.
Afterload is defined as the blood left in ventricles after contraction
Gaining 10 pounds increases your blood pressure because vessel length increases peripheral resistance.
accept; definition
Excessive sweating leads to a decreased blood pressure because of lower blood volume, lower venous return, lower stroke volume, lower cardiac output.
accept; look at flow chart
Systemic blood pressure is homeostatically regulated in the body by receptors in the heart and effectors in the carotid sinuses.
Systemic blood pressure is homeostatically regulated in the body by receptors in the carotid sinuses.
Blood pressure is calculated as cardiac out x peripheral resistance. When you are nervous (like during this exam) blood pressure increases because increases both heart rate and stroke volume increase (the 2 factors for cardiac output) and norepinephrine produces constriction of smooth muscle in artery walls, the main factor affecting peripheral resistance. So, both sides of the blood pressure equation increase!
accept; look at flow chart
Note 
Flashcard (218)