Bio chapters 9-10 exam review

Gene pool

The sum of all the alleles that all the individuals of a population of organisms can conceivably possess.

Cultivars

Varieties of rice and other crops using selective breeding and hybridization, aimed at improving taste and production.

Variation

The range of genotype differences between individuals from the same gene pool.

Gene flow

The ebb and flow of genetic material in a population.

Allele frequency

How often an allele shows up in a gene pool.

Genetic variety

Different combinations of alleles cause genetic variation.

Lateral Gene Transfer

The exchange of genetic material through plasmids without reproduction.

Mutation

A random change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule.

Mutation load

The number of mutations sustained by an organism or a gene pool.

Genetic load

A measure of the health and fitness of a population.

Genetic equilibrium

Reached if there is a stable allele frequency.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

States that the dominant forms of an allele will not eventually replace the recessive ones.

Genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency based on random events.

Bottleneck effect

Occurs when a large portion of the population dies, changing the gene pool and allele frequency dramatically.

Founder effect

Occurs when a small population moves to a new area and allele frequency changes as this group starts a new population.

Biological evolution

The theory of the slow, gradual change in organisms from one kind to another.

Species

Groups of organisms that look the same and have the same structure.

Fixity of species

A belief that living things do not change over time.

Natural selection

Organisms with variations that increase their fitness are more likely to pass on their traits.

Descent with modification

The idea that all living things came from common ancestors and change slightly with each generation.

Survival of the Fittest

The concept that organisms with beneficial modifications survive and reproduce more effectively.

Hox genes

Genes that regulate the development of anatomical structures in organisms.

Embryology

The study of the genetics of embryos.

Comparative anatomy

The study of similarities and differences in the anatomies of different species.

Biogeography

The study of how natural selection affects population genetics across different geographic areas.

Theistic evolution

The belief that God created the world but that science explains the development of life.

Macroevolution

Large-scale changes in organisms over a long period.

Molecular clock

A technique to estimate the rate of genetic variation in organisms.

Speciation

The formation of new species through mutations and natural selection.

Reproductive barrier

Anything that prevents two species from producing offspring together.

Baraminology

A science grouping animals into categories called 'kinds'; different from species.