Bio chapters 9-10 exam review

Gene pool -  the sum of all the alleles that all the individuals of a population of organisms can conceivably possess

Cultivars - varieties of rice and other crops using selective breeding and hybridization with the purpose of tasting and producing better than the original

Variation - the range of genotype differences between individuals from the same gene pool.

Gene flow -  the ebb and flow of genetic material in a population

Allele frequency - how often an allele shows up in a gene pool

GENETIC VARIETY

• different combinations of alleles cause a genetic variety

• The crossing over that occurs during meiosis causes genetic variety

• Single-celled organisms have genetic variety by exchanging genes through plasmids in a process called Lateral gene transfer

Lateral Gene Transfer - plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that function like chromosomes. (An exchange of genetic material without the process of reproduction)

Mutation - a random change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule

Mutation load - refers to the number of mutations sustained by an organism or a gene pool.

Genetic load - is a measure of the health and fitness of a population.

A heavier mutation load means a heavier genetic load and a less healthy population.

Genetic equilibrium - reached if there is a stable allele frequency 

Hardy-Weinberg Principle - states that the dominant forms of an allele WILL NOT eventually replace the recessive ones.

No population is ever truly at equilibrium

Genetic drift - a change in the allele frequency based on frequent events

The Bottleneck effect - occurs when a large portion of the population dies as a result of disease or natural disaster, changing the gene pool and the allele frequency dramatically  

The Founder effect  - occurs when a small population moves to a new area and the allele frequency changes as this smaller group starts a new population

Genetic drift has never created a new kind of animal (no macroevolution through genetic drift)

Chapter 10 Notes

Biological evolution - the theory of the slow, gradual change in organisms from one kind to another.

Species -  groups of organisms that look the same and have the same structure.

Aristotle (Circa 300 BC) - believed in the fixity of species (living things did not change over time)

Carolus Linnaeus - In 1735 he developed a classification system. He also believed in the fixity of species but later changed his mind. He viewed similarities in organisms in organisms as the mark of the Creator.

Thomas Malthus - In 1798 he predicted a Malthusian catastrophe. He predicted that if human population growth were not checked by disease or famine, eventually it would grow beyond what the food supply could support.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - In 1809 he came up with the theory of use and disuse. This theory states that if an organism stops using a structure, that structure will disappear from the species. He also came up with the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. This theory states that if an organism acquires a useful characteristic, it can pass it off to its offspring.

Charles Lyell -  In 1830 he supported uniformitarianism. This states that the laws of nature and forces of geology are operating slowly at the same rate over time. He believed that the earth was much older. He wrote Principles of Geology.

Charles Darwin - In 1831 he became the father of modern evolutionary theory. He had trained to be an Anglican priest. He took a five-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. He viewed God as the source of morality, but not the source of living things.

Descent with modification - was the idea that all living things came from common ancestors and change a little with each passing generation.

Survival of the Fittest - states that organisms with modifications helped them to survive and reproduce.

Darwin wrote about

• artificial selection (breeding)

• Natural selection (organisms with variations that increase their fitness are more likely to pass on their traits to the next generations.)

• His book, written in 1859, On the Origin of Species, revolutionized science and theology.

Russel Wallace - collaborated with Darwin in 1858, and published papers on natural selection which influenced Darwin’s book.

Hugo de Vries - In 1900 he came up with the mutation theory of evolution. 

Mutation Theory of Evolution - states that mutations in a population could lead to favorable variations in a population that would lead to evolution through natural selection.

Adaptations - inheritable traits that make organisms fit and are passed down to the next generations.

Modern Evolutionary Theory - based on Darwinism and refinements to Darwinism gave the world modern evolutionary theory.

Mutation Selection Theory - the concept that mutation supplies the variations and that natural selection determines which variations will survive and reproduce.

Neo-Darwinism - blends the mutation-selection theory with Mendelian genetics and natural selection.

Paleontology - the study of fossils

Basics tenants of evolutions

1. Genetics is the foundation for observed variation necessary for biological evolution.

2. Natural selection is one of the main drivers of biological evolution and depends on genetic diversity.

3. Biological evolution - the result of small, gradual changes over long periods

4. Biological evolution relies on fossil evidence to reconstruct the tree of life from simple to complex organisms.

Homologous structures - organs that are similar in different organisms and are used to show evolutionary relationships.

Analogous structures - are similar structures in organisms that are assumed to be homologous, but are shown by further study not to be related by a common ancestor. (wings of birds, bats, and insects)

Vestigial structures -  structures that seem to have no function in an organism and are assumed to be leftovers from the evolutionary process. (wisdom teeth, appendix, body hair)

Hox genes - also known as homeotic genes. They regulate the development of anatomical structures in organisms. They code for proteins and determine how an embryo will take shape.

Embryology - the study of the genetics of embryos (study of genetic homology)

Comparative anatomy - the study of similarities and differences in the anatomies of different species.

Biogeography - the study of populations to see how natural selection affects population genetics and how it changes with geography.

Behavioral ecology - the study of the evolutionary origins of animal behaviors (herding, flocking, schooling, hunting, migrating, and swarming)

Analogical day view - states that the six days of creation are analogies, and the seventh day of creation never ended. This view asserts that Genesis 1 is not historical.

Framework view - states that the order in Genesis 1 is topical. This view asserts that Genesis 1 is not historical.

Progressive creationism - states that the days of Genesis 1 are long periods and that God has intervened many times to directly create each species.

Theistic evolution - says that God initially created the world, but science correctly explains the development of life, and God did not create individual species.

Young earth creationism - the belief that the earth was created by God in six literal days 6k to 8k years ago.

Big Bang - what evolutionary scientists call the explosion of space and time that started everything.

Macroevolution - what evolutionists refer to as large-scale changes that occur over a very lengthy time.

Microevolution or adaptations - what evolutionists refer to as small, observable changes in populations of organisms over several generations.

Molecular evolution - the slow, gradual changes in proteins and genetic material

Molecular clock - a technique used to find the rate of change in specific genes and proteins found in an existing organism.

Geologic time scale - shows the period of evolutionary history.

Geologic column - the rock layers that correspond to the periods on the geologic time scale.

Index fossil - a fossil of an accepted age that is used to assign ages to layers in the geologic column.

Radiometric dating -  a method of determining the age of an object by measuring the amount of a radioactive substance in the object.

Relative data - you can estimate the age of the strata if you know the ages of the strata above and below a given stratum. There is no place on earth where the entire geologic column exists.

Plate tectonics - the major earth rebuilding process by which rock strata have moved

phylogenetic tree - attempts to indicate common ancestors.

Species can change rapidly in small, isolated populations compared to large gene pools where mixing is more free. A population can change due to natural selection, genetic drift, and allele frequencies.

Speciation - the formation of new species through processes via mutations and natural selection.

Reproductive barrier - anything that prevents two species from producing with each other

Baraminology (creation science)- a science grouping animals into categories called kinds; species and kinds are not the same thing.

Orchard of Life - a model that shows how different species can arise from one kind through natural selection after the flood.

Hominids - how evolutionary scientists refer to man