Final Study Guide

Final Exam Study Guide

Exam 1

1. Know:

   1. all living things are composed of cells. All living things reproduce. All living things respond to stimuli found in their environment

2. Examples of natural sciences:

   1. Biology, physics, chemistry

3. Who were the first organisms to appear on Earth?

   1. Bacteria

4. True or False? Theories explain how something happens while laws explain what will happen

   1. true

5. What theory best explains how eukaryotic cells got their mitochondria and chloroplasts?

   1. Endosymbiotic theory

6. An atom’s atomic number is equal to what subatomic particle?

   1. protons

7. What are the 6 main elements of life?

   1. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous

8. How are organisms assigned to each taxonomic ranking?

   1. Physical traits and DNA

9. Which are the healthy fats?

   1. Unsaturated fats

   2. Which type of amino acid is NOT produced in the human body and thus must be obtained through diet?

   3. Essential

   4. What major event helped shape the incredibly diverse lifeforms we see today?

   5. Mass extinctions

   6. What is the defining characteristic for differentiating species?

   7. The ability to reproduce and create fertile offspring

   8. What is the broadest ( most general) taxonomic ranking?

   9. Domain

   10. (blank) structures are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features may serve different functions now.

   11. Homologous

   12. A (blank) is all the individuals of the same species in the same area

   13. population

   14. Imagine a liquid that has a pH of 2, what would this be?

   15. acid

   16. What are the four macromolecules?

   17. Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

   18. True or False? Monomers are molecules that are made up of several repeating polymers.

   19. false

   20. All living organisms on earth are (blank) based

   21. carbon

   22. (blank) is the study of life

   23. biology

   24. The 8 taxonomic rankings in order

   25. Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

   26. An educated guess based on an observation

   27. hypothesis

   28. The smallest unit of life, membrane-bound separate from surroundings

   29. cell

   30. The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms?

   31. taxonomy

   32. Collection of protons and neutrons in the center of an atom

   33. nucleus

   34. Created the periodic table of elements still used today

   35. Dimitry Mendeleev

   36. The smallest unit of a substance

   37. atom

   38. System of acquiring knowledge

   39. Science

   40. When a protein unfolds due to unfavorable conditions, ex. Cooking an egg

   41. denaturation

   42. Created a system for naming species

   43. Carl von Linne

   44. The process of keeping internal conditions stable and often different from the environment

   45. Homeostasis

   46. How do you know how many neutrons are in a substance?

   47. Mass number (top of periodic table block) - atomic number (bottom of periodic table block) \n

Exam 2

1. What are the three main parts of the cell

   1. Membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

2. What is the main function of the endomembrane system?

   1. Modifying and transporting proteins and lipids

3. Metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules

   1. Catabolism

4. True or false? Enzymes are changed during reactions and so are not reusable

   1. false

5. What structures do photosynthetic eukaryotes use during photosynthesis?

   1. Chloroplasts, thylakoid, stroma

6. What is energy associated with movement?

   1. kinetic

7. Light-dependent reactions take place in which structure?

   1. Thylakoid membrane

8. Which type of light dependent reaction uses both Photosystem I and Photosystem II

   1. noncyclic

9. True or false? Oxygen is dangerous and killed off most life when it first came about

   1. true

   2. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

   3. cytoplasm

   4. Glycolysis involves converting glucose into what molecule?

   5. pyruvate

   6. True or false? Fermentation is more efficient than aerobic cell respiration producing more ATP

   7. false

   8. What are the principles of theory?

   9. all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells, hereditary info is passed from cell, all cells have basic chemical composition, energy flow occurs within cells

   10. Function of the cell membrane

   11. Controls exchange of external and internal cells

   12. Call junctions called (blank) connect the cytoplasm of plant cells

   13. plasmodesmata

   14. Which type of cell is defined by having a nucleus

   15. eukaryotic

   16. What structure synthesizes proteins?

   17. ribosomes

   18. The movement of vesicles and their contents out of the cell

   19. exocytosis

   20. Location on enzymes where catalysis occurs

   21. Active site

   22. The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule

   23. phosphorylation

   24. Which type of cell respiration does not use oxygen?

   25. anaerobic

   26. Which type of fermentation has ethanol as its product?

   27. alcoholic

   28. True or false? Oxidative stress can damage cells and can even be passed down to offspring

   29. true

   30. Which type of plants fix carbon twice and are associated with desert plants?

   31. CAM

   32. Bacterial conjugation occurs through what structure?

   33. pili

   34. True or false? Linear metabolic pathways are a cycle of reactions where the final product triggers the first reaction again?

   35. false

   36. In electron transfer phosphorylation in aerobic cell respiration, what molecule accepts the electrons from the transfer chain?

   37. oxygen

   38. The differences in (blank) gives us different colors

   39. wavelengths

   40. What molecules are produced during noncyclic light dependent reactions?

   41. ATP, NADPH, oxygen

   42. Light-independent reactions take place in what structure?

   43. stroma

   44. What are substances that minimize damages caused by oxygen gas (O₂)

   45. antioxidants

   46. What is the name for light with a wavelength of 380-750 nm?

   47. Visible light spectrum

   48. True or false? Photons with high energy will have longer wavelengths

   49. false

   50. What reactions consume energy as they run?

   51. endergonic

   52. What molecules are produced by light-independent reactions?

   53. sugar

   54. What are the fist two laws of thermodynamics?

   55. Energy can neither be created or destroyed, energy tends to disperse

   56. What term means “ without oxygen “?

   57. anaerobic

   58. The movement of substances across gradients such as from high concentration to low concentration

   59. diffusion

   60. What enzyme starts the Calvin Cycle by attaching CO₂ to RuBP?

   61. rubisco

   62. The process of oxygen binding to RuBP instead of CO₂ that can stop light independent reactions from happening

   63. photorespiration

   64. Which term means “with oxygen”

   65. aerobic

   66. What type of transport protein use requires energy to move substances across the membrane?

   67. active

   68. What proteins embedded in the cell membrane receives signals and then tells the cell how to respond?

   69. Receptor proteins

   70. True or false? Most molecules of PGAL are recycled back to make more RuBP during light independent reactions

   71. true

   72. Who discovered that sunlight powered photosynthesis?

   73. Theodor engelman

   74. Which type of light dependent reaction makes only ATP?

   75. cyclic

   76. What are some of the ways cells move?

   77. Pseudopods, cilia, motor proteins

   78. What is the pigment that gives plants their green color?

   79. chlorophyll

   80. What substance travels through ATP synthase to activate and attach a phosphate group to make ATP?

   81. Hydrogen ions

   82. Organisms that make their own food

   83. autotroph

   84. Know rhe following structures: flagella, nucleoid, cell membrane

   85. The father of microbiology

   86. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

   87. Cellular currency

   88. ATP

   89. Breaking down food into energy

   90. metabolism

   91. The ability to do work/change

   92. energy

   93. The minimum energy needed to start a reaction

   94. Activation energy

   95. Speeding up a reaction by enzymes

   96. catalysis

   97. Movement of fluid across the cell membrane

   98. osmosis

   99. A particle of light

   100. photon

   101. Taking carbon from inorganic molecules to build organic molecules

   102. Carbon fixation

   103. Metabolism that breaks down glucose to produce ATP

   104. Cell respiration

Exam 3

1. Organisms with diploid cells will have (blank) set(s) of chromosomes in each cell.

   1. two

2. What are the nucleotides found in DNA?

   1. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

3. True or false? All mutations are harmful

   1. false

4. If a new molecule of DNA has a mistake within its nucleotides this will result in what?

   1. mutations

5. What are common causes for mutations during DNA replication?

   1. Chemical exposure, retroviruses, UV exposure

6. Stage of gene expression where DNA is copied in RNA?

   1. transcription

7. What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins?

   1. tRNA

8. Stage of gene expression where RNA is used to assemble proteins?

   1. translation

9. Where does transcription occur in the cell?

   1. nucleus

   2. Where does translation occur in the cell?

   3. cytoplasm

   4. What are the segments of genes that do not code for proteins and thus must be removed from RNA?

   5. introns

   6. True or false? As an individual gets older the telomeres on their chromosomes expand

   7. false

   8. After mitosis, the chromosome number of a daughter cell is (blank) the parent cell

   9. The same as

   10. Which type of neoplasm grows fast, spreads to other parts of the body, and is dangerous to the organisms’ health?

   11. malignant

   12. (blank) halves the number of chromosomes, while (blank) restores the number of chromosomes

   13. Meiosis; fertilization

   14. If mosquitoes have a diploid chromosome number of 6, then how many chromosomes do their gametes have?

   15. 3

   16. Breeding red flowers with white flowers to get pink flowers is an example of what?

   17. Incomplete dominance

   18. Evolutionary change within a species that happens over a short amount of time

   19. microevolution

   20. What are the four principles of evolution?

   21. Variation in traits, inheritance of traits, selection (encourage, discourage) of traits, time

   22. When a group within a species separates from other members of its species and slowly evolves its own unique characteristics

   23. speciation

   24. Tightly packed units of DNA

   25. chromosomes

   26. Chemical that permanently changes DNA

   27. mutagen

   28. Segments of DNA that contain information about traits

   29. genes

   30. Cell death

   31. apoptosis

   32. Different forms of the same gene

   33. alleles

   34. Type of reproduction where a single parent copies itself to make genetically identical offspring

   35. Asexual reproduction

   36. Type of reproduction where a genetically unique offspring arises from two parents

   37. Sexual reproduction

   38. How well a species is suited for a particular environment

   39. fitness

   40. The process of gradual physical changes of a species

   41. evolution

   42. (blank) developed the theory of evolution by natural selection

   43. Charles Darwin

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