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64 Terms

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__Scientific methodology__


•depends on this application of inferential statistics.
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experiment
heart of scientific methodology is
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Experiment
has been __designed to test a hypothesis__, and the resulting data must be analyzed.
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sign test


is chosen because (1) it is easy to understand and (2) all of the major concepts concerning hypothesis testing can be illustrated clearly and simply.
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Sign test


•__**It ignores the magnitude**__ of the different scores and __**considers only their direction or sign.**__
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the essential features


•that __**there are paired scores in the conditions, and the differences between the paired scores are analyzed.**__
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Hypothesis


* Guess/Hunch
* Educational Guess
* Intellectual Guess
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Alternative Hypothesis
H1
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research hypothesis
other term of alternative hypothesis
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Alternative Hypothesis


•is the one that **claims the difference** in results between conditions is due to the independent variable.
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Null Hypothesis
H0
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Null Hypothesis
It is the **logical counterpart** of the alternative hypothesis such that if the \*\* is false, the alternative hypothesis must be true.
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***reject the Ho***
*obt v* < *crit v = ?*
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__**significant or reliable**__


•Rejecting the null hypothesis __**allows us to accept indirectly the alternative hypothesis.**__ When we reject it the __**results are ?**__
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reject the null hypothesis
If the obtained probability turns out to be __**equal to or less than a critical probability level or alpha level we ?**__
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**failing to reject H0**
If the obtained probability is **greater than the alpha level**, we conclude by **?**
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fail to reject Ho, accept Ha
obt v > crit v =
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**Type 1 error**
is defined as a decision to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.
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False Positive
**Type 1 error**
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**Type 2 error**
is defined as a decision to retain the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.
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**False Negative**
**Type 2 error**
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**Alpha**
*limits the probability of making a Type I error.*
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**Beta**
is defined as the *probability of making a Type II error.*
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0\.05
Alpha levels are used, like \*\*\*\* or social sciences
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0\.01
Alpha levels are used, like \*\*\*\* for clinical trials
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**consider the consequences of making an error**
To determine a reasonable alpha level for an experiment, **we must ?**
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***the probability of making a Type I error***
the more stringent the alpha level, decreases?
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the probability of making a type II error
making alpha more stringent increases ?
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non directional


•If the __**alternative hypothesis in ??**____,__ __**we evaluate obtained result or any even more extreme in both directions (both tails)**__.
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__**directional**__
•If the __**alternative hypothesis is ??, we evaluate only the tail of the distribution that is in the direction specified by H1**__
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__**two-tailed probability**__


•This probability is called a __**__**__value because the outcomes we evaluate occur under both tails of the distribution.
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**one-tailed probability**
The probability is called a **___** because all of the outcomes we are evaluating are __**under one tail of the distribution.**__
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__*significant - statistically significant*__
If we are able to reject the null hypothesis the results are?
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**William Sealy Gossett**
Student's t Test by:
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z test
* mean and standard deviation is known
* N __>__ 30
* 1 curve for all sample size, normal curve
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t test
* standard deviation is unknown - solve for estimates of s
* N __
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Degrees of freedom
is the number of scores that are free to vary in calculating the statistic
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**Parametric Test**
* Depends considerably on population characteristics
* They are robust tests, do not greatly disturb the sampling distribution of its statistic
* They are more powerful and versatile
* Ratio/Interval Scaling
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nonparametic test
* Depends little on knowing population distributions, they are often referred to as ***distribution-free tests.***
* *Nominal or Ordinal Scaling*
* *If extreme violation of an assumption of the pramaetric test or* __*inappropriate scaling is used*__,
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Chi-square
One of main uses is in determining whether two categorical variable are independent or are related.
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***Contingency table***
is  two-way table showing the contingency between two variables where the variables have been classified into __**mutually exclusive**__ categories and the __**cell entries are frequencies**__.
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Mann-Whitney U Test
Alternative for t test independent groups; atleast ordinal scaling;
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Kruskal-Wallis Test
Alternative for one-way ANOVA; atleast ordinal scaling of DV
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__**Confidence Interval**__
is a range that probably contains the population value.
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__**Confidence Limits**__
are the values that bound the confidence interval
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ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
anova
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R.A. Fisher
**F test** *by*
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F test
* Can be used to form two independent estimates of the population variance
* Appropriate occurs when analyzing the data from experiment that use two or more conditions or groups (more common to encounter experiments that involve three or more groups.
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F test
Anova is also known as ___ test?
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F distribution
Anova uses what distribution?
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T test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test is also known as __ test?
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T distribution
Wilcoxon signed-rank test uses what distribution?
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U test
Mann-Whitney Test is also known as __ test?
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U distribution
Mann-Whitney Test uses what distribution?
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H test
Kruskal-Wallis Test is also known as __ test?
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x2 distribution
Kruskal-Wallis Test uses what distribution?
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small effect
0\.00-0.20
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medium effect
0\.21-0.79
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large effect
< 0.80
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**1.**  ***p*** **value** __**
to know if the result is significant
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**Null-hypothesis approach**
does not tell the size or the effect
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**Confidence-interval approach**
affirm that the IV has a real effect and at the same time gives us an estimate of the size of the real effect;
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95% and 99%
is the commonly use confidence interval
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1\. normal distribution 2. homogeneity of variance
assumption for t test