Urology/Gynecology Review

Function of the urinary system

Removes waste from blood while regulating fluid volume, important electrolytes, blood pressure and pH levels.

Anatomy of the urinary system

kidney , nephrons, ureters, bladder, urethra

Nephrons

Filter the blood in the kidneys

Kidney

Remove waste products from blood and produce urine.

Ureters

Connect from kidney to bladder

Bladder

Holding site of urine

Male urethra

Long

Female urethra

Short

Acute renal failure

Sudden loss of kidney function, due to severe fluid loss, hemorrhage, trauma, toxic injury. Often reversible. Results in oliguria (low urine output)

Chronic Renal Failure

Gradual, progressive loss of kidney function over months or years. Results in gradual loss of nephrons and tissue edema.

Dialysis and it’s purpose

Removes nitrogenous waste products, excess fluid from the body and waste in blood that is not filtered by the kidneys. It the main treatment for Kidney (renal) Failure.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomerulus (filtering unit) of the kidney.

Proteinuria

Protein found in the urine

Hematuria

Blood in the urine

Nocturia

Excessive urination at night

Pyuria

Pus in urine

Dysuria

Painful or difficult urination

Anuria

Failure of the kidney to produce urine.

Oliguria

Scant urine production, low urine output. (barely urinating)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs commonly in men older than 40 yrs old.

Renal Calculi

Kidney stones found in the urinary system

Salpingo-oophorectomy

Surgical excision of both the fallopian tubes and ovaries 

Cystoscopy

Direct visualization of the urinary bladder with a cystoscope inserted through the urethra.

Urinalysis

Examination of the physical chemical and microscopic properties of the urine. (most important test)

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the body of the kidney. (kidney infection)

Obstetrics

Medical specialty that cares for women during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.

Gynecology

Medical specialty that focuses on the female reproductive system

Catheterization

A procedure that involves inserting a sterile tube (catheter) into the bladder to drain or collect urine.

Examination tools in OB/GYN

forceps ,curettes, speculum

Male sterilization

Vasectomy: surgical removal of all or a segment of vas deferens to prevent the passage of sperm from the testes. (popular form of reproductive control)

Female sterilization

Tubal ligation: a surgical procedure that permanently prevents pregnancy in women. Involves blocking or removing the fallopian tubes, which are the tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus

Normal PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels

At 0

Cancer PSA levels

2-3

Herpes Genitals

Caused by herpes simplex 2, causing painful lesions in genital areas.

Cryptorchidism

When one or both testes fail to descend by the time of delivery/birth. (undescended testes)

HIV/AIDS

An infectious disease that overwhelms the body's immune system, lowering the body’s ability to fight infections. (no cure)

Menses

Menstruation, bloody discharge monthly or cyclically in the female when fertilization has not occurred.

Menarche

Onset of first menstruation

Metrorrhagia

Irregular bleeding at times other than mensuration

Amenorrhea

No menstruation

Hirsutism

Excessive growth of hair.

Scrotum

Sac that holds the testes

Hydrocele

a fluid sac surrounding one or both testicles that results in swelling in the scrotum

Orchio

Testicles

Orchiectomy

A surgical procedure that involves the removal of one or both testicles (testes).

Epididymis

Immature sperm cells migrate from the seminiferous tubules, where they are produced to the ______ and mature to be stored.

Chondyloma Acuminate

A viral infection of the genital area causing the growth of soft papillary warts. Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and increases the chances of cervical cancer.

Chlamydia

Most common STD and leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, symptoms can be non existent, vague or severe. Causing tubal scarring, infertility. cervicitis in women and urethritis in men.

Prolapse

Occurs when a body part, typically a pelvic organ, descends or bulges from its normal position due to weakened supporting muscles or tissues.

Symptoms resulting in a hormonal flux associated with the menstrual cycle

Acne, mood swings, bloating, tiredness, irritability, headache.

The day ovulation occurs

14 days after the first day of menstrual cycle

First symptoms of cystitis

A frequent and urgent need to urinate.

Abortion

Termination of pregnancy or products of conception prior to fetal viability and or 20/weeks of gestation. 2 different types.

Spontaneous Abortion

Miscarriage

Induced abortion

Intentional termination of a pregnancy

Most important test in urology

Urinalysis

Maintaining a healthy urinary tract for women

Stay hydrated, good hygiene, wipe front to back, urinate after sex, don't hold in bladder

Inguinal

Groin

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

A blood test that detects increased levels of an antigen found in the blood of all men. To detect inflammation and cancer of the prostate