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liver
A deficiency in cholesterol will have the largest effect on the activity of which organ?
class I MHC complex
A liver cell in your body that has become infected by a virus would present an antigen on its own:
-class I MHC complex
-class II MHC complex
fats
A person who has had their gallbladder removed must closely monitor their intake of what?
histamine
Allergies are a result of excessive release of what?
an antigen
An epitope is part of:
cholesterol
Bile salts are made from:
true
T/F: Both B cells and T cells have receptors for antigens on their membranes
forms pores in cell membranes
Cytotoxic T cells release perforin, which does what?
4,000 mLs
During a record-setting performance at the bar, you manage to consume 1,000 mLs of alcohol. About how much water will you eliminate in your urine?
chymotrypsin
Eating a meal that is high in protein will result in increased release of which pancreatic enzyme?
damage to small intestine due to exposure to acidic chyme
Failure of the pancreas to secrete adequate levels of sodium bicarbonate might have which of the following consequences?
both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
Helper T cells are involved in:
by forming plasma cells and releasing antibodies
How do memory B cells help you avoid getting the same illness twice?
promote
If you were to measure the pH of chyme in the duodenum, and found it to be between 7-8, would this promote, or delay further emptying of gastric contents?
descending limb of loop of Henle
In which part of the nephron is Na+ not reabsorbed?
histamine
Increased blood flow to the site of injury is a result of _________ being released by mast cells.
large intestine
Increased vasopressin levels might be attributed to improper functioning of which digestive organ?
Na+
Reabsorption of _______ in the proximal tubule is active.
it is produced by the distal tubule
Select the incorrect statement about ADH.
-it is produced by the distal tubule
-it is also called vasopressin
-it is not secreted if the body consumes large amounts of water
-it stimulates reabsorption of water
-it is secreted if the body fluids become hypertonic
secretion
Some drugs are easily detected in the urine because of which process?
large intestine
The colon is part of which digestive organ?
basolateral membrane of tubular cells
The Na+-K+ ATPase transport system that plays a pivotal role in much of tubular reabsorption is located on the ______.
air from entering the esophagus during breathing
The pharyngoesophageal sphincter is normally closed to prevent what?
water
The purpose of the loop of Henle is to establish a concentration gradient that will allow for the reabsorption of ________ in the distal tubule and collecting duct.
only in the distal tubule and collecting duct
Water reabsorption is under the control of vasopressin __________.
attract more phagocytic cells
What is the purpose of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
maintain a chemical gradient
What is the purpose of the loop of Henle?
80%
What percentage of plasma entering the glomerulus is unfiltered and leaves through the efferent arteriole?
67%
What percentage of the total Na+ that gets reabsorbed takes place in the proximal tubule?
hydrogen ions increases
When the extracellular fluid becomes too acidic, the tubular secretion of _________.
ascending limb of loop of Henle
Where does 25% of the total Na+ reabsorbed take place?
cytotoxic T cells
Which cell type in the adaptive immune system would be most helpful in destroying cancerous cells in your body?
natural killer cells
Which cell type in the innate immune system would be most useful in battling cancerous cells?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which gastric hormone indirectly affects fat digestion?
aminopeptidase
Which is NOT a pancreatic hormone that is involved in protein digestion?
all of these
Which is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?
-none of these
-all of these
-glucose
-amino acids
-urea
small intestine
Which is the primary absorptive organ of the digestive system?
pepsin
Which of the following is NOT a component of saliva?
maintain appropriate CO2 levels in blood
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
movement of the substance through tight junctions of tubular cells
Which of the following is NOT a step in transepithelial transport?
AIDS
Which of the following is NOT a type of autoimmune disease?
activation of cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following is NOT part of the humoral immune response?
T cell lymphocytes
Which of the following is NOT part of your innate immunity?
Na+
Which of the following is not usually one of the substances that is secreted during tubular secretion?
unbound antigen circulating in the blood
Which of the following will NOT be recognized by T cell lymphocytes?
variable region
Which part of an antibody physically makes contact with antigens?
fever
Which process is thought to control interferon release?
serosa
Which tissue layer of the digestive tract helps prevent damage from friction due to digestive motility?
B cell
Which type of lymphocyte divides during the humoral immune response?
-B cell
-T cell
increased Na+ in filtrate would lead to increased secretion of water in distal tubule
Why would drinking sea water make you more dehydrated?