Studied by 1 personEach piece of music should express a single emotional idea, no contrast
What's the concept of the singularity in music?
Singularity, long spun-out melodies, motor rhythm, importance of harmony and counterpoint
What are some characteristics of baroque music? (4)
It carries the listener away
Why did romantic composers think Bach's Prelude #1 was romantic?
Focus on the natural, shift away from complex counterpoint, shift towards periodic melody, simplification of texture, greater variety (but not too much), balance between opposing ideas
What are some traits of classical music? (How does it differ from baroque music?) (6)
Fast dramatic, slow lyric, moderate dance-minuet or fast joke-scherzo, and fast jubilant
What were the characteristics of the classical/romantic four movement model?
Sonata, variation, ternary, and rondo
What are the typical forms of the classical/romantic four movement model?
3rd or 4th
Which sections were most typically excluded from the classical/romantic four movement model?
A: Minuet or Scherzo, B: Trio, A: Minuet or Scherzo
What is ternary form?
Statement, statement, departure, return, departure, return (usually, for the last A of ABA, you don't repeat the statement, departure, or return again)
What is rounded binary form?
Exposition (repeated), development, recapitulation, (coda)
What is sonata form?
A transition B transition close, two different melodic ideas in two different keys
What happens in the exposition of sonata form?
Free section to do whatever
What happens in the development of a sonata form?
Restatement of exposition music, but stays in one key
What happens in the recapitulation of a sonata form?
Thought it was lesser because sounds without words have no moral significance, only sensory stimulation
What were Kant's thoughts on instrumental music?
In awe- believes it was created to preserve human emotion and that it does so in a way no other art can, also thinks looking too much into the "why" of music can ruin its beauty/divinity
What does Wackenroder think about music?
1750-1800
When did the classical period exist?
1815
When did the romantic era start?
Form, emotion
Whereas classical music focuses on [blank], romantic music focuses on [blank]
Nothing- they share the same ones
What's the difference between classical and romantic music forms?
Music = pleasure, can't be emotionally engaged to value music, music is least valuable because it lacks morals, and music should be judged by reason
How does Kant see music? (4)
Judges music by emotion, touches what is intangible, what is important is what it generates in our minds, and knowing is feeling
How does Wackenroder see music? (4)
The idea of elevation (Kant is pleasure to beauty to good, Wackenroder is mundane to divine)
How do Kant and Wackenroder view music similarly?
Literature
Romantic ideas start in [blank]
Wordsworth (English poet), and the Schlegel brothers, who talked about nature and feeling (very anti-enlightenment ideas)
Who were some of the figures of romantic literature? What made them such?
His heroic period, struggle to victory (still has classicism of Mozart and Haydn + heroic nature of French music + philosophic stoicism)
What is Beethoven's middle period?
Pieces start out chaotic, but end victorious
What defines Beethoven's "struggle to victory"?
5th Symphony
What is an example of music form Beethoven's heroic period?
Purely abstract patterns that are transformed into something meaningful by the end
How does Beethoven build the 5th symphony?
Links the movements together through s-s-s-l in every movement, starts minor and descending moving towards major and ascending at the end
What does it mean that Beethoven's 5th symphony is cyclic?
There seems to be a goal
What does it mean that Beethoven's 5th symphony is teleological?
Clear melodies, longer melodies, clarity of form, wide variety of material
What are some Mozart traits? (4)
Organic growth, destabilizing the stable, concentrating ideas (motive), chiari/scuro contrast
What are some Beethoven traits? (4)
Extension of Mozart and Haydn (classical), but more emotional
How is Beethoven's early period defined?
Transcendent, contradictions- heroic, simple and folk-like, use of counterpoint, interest in past, stream of consciousness flow, sense of narrative
How is Beethoven's late period defined?
More dissonance, more forceful rhythm, greater build to climax, more motives, more interrelationship of material, more development and manipulation, more winds and brass
What does Beethoven's middle period sound like? (7)
Allegro con brio (sonata form), andante con moto (T&V), allegro (ternary form), allegro (sonata form)
What are the movements of Beethoven's 5th symphony?
Smooth, polished, light, delicate, form, pleasure
What are some characteristics of the beautiful? (6)
Intense, violent, overwhelming, vast, formless, gloomy
What are some characteristics of the sublime? (6)
Hoffman
Who coined the term "romantic" (music)?
Feeling and sensation
How did Dahlhaus view music?
Finds a lyric, romantic side, seen in the Archduke Trio through singable (cantabile) melodies, lack of struggle
How does Beethoven's middle period music change in 1810? Where can this be seen?
Manipulation of patterns, the rules by which you make a good argument
What is rhetoric referring to in Beethoven's music?
Resetting the patterns
What is color referring to in Beethoven's music?
Intimate, inner, internal, personal
What does Innig mean? (hint: related to the Archduke trio)
Romantic, cantabile melodies, and innig don't fit in with the heroic struggle
Why doesn't Beethoven's music from 1810-1815 fit with his periods?
Rhetoric = 5th symphony, Archduke trio = color, rhetoric is about development, color is about presentation
Which of Beethoven's pieces uses rhetoric, which uses color? Why?
Figuration
What tool does Schubert use in his writing?
Juxtaposition, abrupt stops/starts, counterpoint
What are some traits characteristic of late Beethoven?
Can't compare them- like apples and oranges
What does Dahlhaus say about Beethoven and Rossini?
Beethoven's meaning is found on the page, Rossini's meaning is found in the performance
How do the philosophies of Beethoven and Rossini's works differ?
An Italian type of singing focused on muscle toning and rounded, clear sound, very melodic (smooth out breaks in voice)
What is bel canto?
Coloratura, articulation, dexterity, high notes, ornaments, passagi (fast, running passages)
What are some style characteristics of bel canto singing?
Folk
During the latter part of his middle period, Beethoven sets accompaniments to [blank] songs to make money, like with Ode to Joy
Changing of vocal sound on the notes
What is coloratura?
Conventions
What enabled Rossini to write many operas quickly?
A-A-B-A
What's the basic form of an aria?
Comic confusion, used in an ensemble finale, the finale to the first act of the comic opera
What is the idea of Imbroglio? When is it used?
String Quartet No. 13 in B-Flat, Op. 130
What piece is characteristic of Beethoven's late period?
1815
When does romantic music start?
Congress of Vienna
What happened in 1815 that was trying to put Europe back into a pre-Napoleonic mold?
Revolution
What happened in 1830?
More violent revolutions, and the Communist Manifesto
What happened in 1848?
The middle-class market wants to play pieces at home
Why did lieder become popular?
Salons built around the popularity of Schubert
What were Schubertiads?
Strophic form
When all text as the same music
Schubert
The artistic value of the song increases in the 19th century because of [blank].
In the 18th century, people were concerned with primacy of text- should support but not intrude with he music
How did people view songs in the 18th century?
Each line of text has its own musical setting
What does through-composed mean?
Certain kind of poem that is narrative, has a supernatural component, and a conversation
What is a ballade?
Erlkönig
What's an example of a ballade?
Third
Schubert composed over 600 songs, but only about a [blank] were published while he was alive
Narrator, father, son, and Erlkönig
Who are the 4 characters of Erlkönig?
Müller
Who wrote Die Wintereisse?
A poetic cycle of narrative poems
What is Die Wintereisse?
A form in which the music of the first verse repeats for subsequent verses but with some significant variation or modification (rhythmic, harmonic, melodic).
What's modified strophic form?
A set of songs grouped as a unit, with either some common textual theme or a common author; sometimes there are musical interconnections between songs.
What is a song cycle?
Modified Strophic
What's the form of Der Lindenbaum?
Not depictive, mostly looking to establish a feeling or color
How does Clara's setting of Liebst du um Schönheit vary from Schubert's settings of poems?
Found in mystery and emotion- over rationalizing something can kill it
What did the romantics think about truth?
Infinite, transcendent, folk, brilliance, historicism, lyric, intimate, and yearning
What are some distinctly romantic themes? (8)
Piece of music before something else (usually an opera)
What is an overture?
Mozart, Bach, and Beethoven
Who were Mendelssohn's influences?
Florestan and Eusebius
Who were the two personas of Schumann?
Contemplative
What is Eusebius's personality?
Effervescent, flowing
What is Florestan's personality?
Comedia dell'arte
Where does Schumann take inspiration for the characters of Pierrot and the Arlequin?
Droopy, white clown
Describe Pierrot
Bright, bouncy, jumping
Describe Arlequin
Mozart, Beethoven
Mendelssohn draws more inspiration from [blank], Schumann from [blank].
Jean Paul Richter and ETA Hoffman
Who were the authors that Schumann liked?
Kriesler
What character did ETA Hoffman create?
Neue Zeitschrift
What was the name of the newspaper that Schumann started?
Bach, via a performance of his St. Matthew Passion
Who was Mendelssohn responsible for reviving interest in?
Love of counterpoint (canons, fugues)
What characteristics of Bach does Mendelssohn show?
Variety of material, sense of melodic and formal balance, elegance
What characteristics of Mozart does Mendelssohn show?
Songs without words
What does Lieder ohne Worte translate to?
Romantic idea that suggests some meanings transcend words and are pure expression
What's the deal with Lieder one Worte?
Empty virtuosos
Who were the Philistines of music?
Like David, opposed the massive, popular giant, the brilliant style, believed music needed to mean something, higher purpose
Davidsbund
Schumann
Who created the idea of Davidsbund vs. the Phillistines?
Note
Flashcard