Biol 2011 - Quiz 7

central nervous system CNS

brain + spinal cord

peripheral nervous system PNS

everything else (cranial and peripheral nerves)

nervous system

the brain, spinal cord, and nerves are the organs

general function

sensory → receives stimuli via receptors

integration → relays sensory input to the CNS

motor → sends signals to the effectors that respond to the initial stimulus

the tissues comprising the nervous system are composed of neurons, supporting cells, and connective tissues. neurons are the only cells that functions in communication

nuclei of neuroglia cells

small dark purple dots

the spinal cord starts at the

foramen magnum

where it joins to the most inferior part of the brain the

medulla oblongata

cervical enlargement

here the cord is thicker because of the additional neurons needed to service the shoulder/arm

lumbar enlargement

needed to service the hip/leg

conus medullaris

cone shaped end of spinal cord

filum terminale

single, fibrous strand that attaches end of spinal cord to coccyx

meninges

brain and spinal cord enclosed in three membranes

dura mater → superficial

arachnoid matter

pia mater → deepest

CNS ‘floats’ in cerebrospinal fluid that fills the subarachnoid space

cn I

olfactory (smell)

cn II

optic (vision)

cn III

oculomotor (eye muscle, pupil constriction)

cn IV

trochlear (one extrinsic eye muscle)

cn V

trigeminal (face, nasal cavity, chewing)

cn VI

abducens (one extrinsic eye muscle)

cn VII

facial (facial expression, tears)

cn VIII

vestibulocochlear (hearing and balance)

cn IX

glossopharyngeal (taste, pressure, pain)

cn X

vagus (taste, swallowing, fullness, speech)

cn XI

accessory (soft plate, pharynx)

cn XII

hypoglossal (tongue)

brain ventricles

these are 4 cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

lateral ventricles → the largest ventricle; located just below the corpus callosum

third ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

fourth ventricle

central canal

general neuron structure

1

cell body (soma)

general neuron structure

2

dendrites

general neuron structure

3

nissl bodies

general neuron structure

4

nucleus

general neuron structure

5

trigger zone

general neuron structure

5a

axon hillock

general neuron structure

5b

intitial segment

general neuron structure

6

axon

general neuron structure

7

nodes of ranvier

general neuron structure

8

schwann cells of myelin sheath

general neuron structure

9

synaptic knob

general neuron structure

10

axon collateral

giant multipolar neurons

1

nucleus

giant multipolar neurons

2

cell processes

spinal cord and spinal nerves

1

occipital bone

spinal cord and spinal nerves

2

brainstem

spinal cord and spinal nerves

3

cervical enlargement

spinal cord and spinal nerves

4

lumbar enlargement

spinal cord and spinal nerves

5

conus medullaris

spinal cord and spinal nerves

6

filum terminale

spinal cord and spinal nerves

7

cauda equina

cross section of the spinal cord

1

spinal meninges

cross section of the spinal cord

1a

dura mater

cross section of the spinal cord

1b

arachnoid mater

cross section of the spinal cord

1c

pia mater

cross section of the spinal cord

2

epidural space

cross section of the spinal cord

3

subdural space

cross section of the spinal cord

4

subarachnoid space

cross section of the spinal cord

5

spinal nerve

cross section of the spinal cord

6

dorsal root ganglion

cross section of the spinal cord

7

dorsal root

cross section of the spinal cord

8

ventral root

cross section of the spinal cord

9

white matter

cross section of the spinal cord

10

gray matter

cross section of the spinal cord

11

vertebral artery

cross section of the spinal cord

12

dorsal horn of gray matter

cross section of the spinal cord

13

lateral horn of gray matter

cross section of the spinal cord

14

ventral horn of gray matter

cross section of the spinal cord

15

gray commissure

cross section of the spinal cord

16

central canal

cross section of the spinal cord

17

anterior median nerve

cross section of the spinal cord

18

sympathetic chain ganglia

nervous tissue histology

1

white matter

nervous tissue histology

2

dorsal horn

nervous tissue histology

3

ventral horn

nervous tissue histology

4

gray commissure

nervous tissue histology

5

central canal

brain structures

1

gyri (sing. gyrus)

brain structures

2

sulci (sing. sulcus)

brain structures

3

central sulcus

brain structures

4

lateral horn

brain structures

5

frontal lobe

brain structures

6

parietal lobe

brain structures

7

occipital lobe

brain structures

8

temporal lobe

brain structures

9

cerebellum

brain structures

10

brain stem

brain structures

10a

pons

brain structures

10b

medulla oblongata

brain structures

11

spinal cord

cerebral hemispheres

1

central sulcus

cerebral hemispheres

2

longitudinal fissure

cerebral hemispheres

3

frontal lobe

cerebral hemispheres

4

parietal lobe

cerebral hemispheres

5

occipital lobe

cerebral hemispheres

6

temporal lobe

cerebral hemispheres

7

pons

cerebral hemispheres

8

medulla oblongata

cerebral hemispheres

9

cerebellum

cerebral hemispheres

10

olfactory bulbs of the olfactory nerve (CN I)

cerebral hemispheres

11

olfactory tracts of CN I

cerebral hemispheres

12

pituitary gland

cerebral hemispheres

13

optic chiasm and optic nerve (CN II)

sagittal section

1

cerebral cortex (gray matter)

sagittal section

2

gyrus