Innate Immune System

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146 Terms
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Innate immunity

general processes that resist offending agents

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Humoral immunity acts through _______ while cellular immunity directly ___________

molecules secreted by fluids

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kills pathogens by immune cells

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Mechanisms of innate immune response

  • recognizes pathogen

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  • activates cells + complement system

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Main fxns of innate immunity

  • slows spread

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  • attracts immune cells to site

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  • activates complement system

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  • breaks down immune complexes + affected cells

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  • activates adaptive immunity w/ antigens

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biological barriers use _________ to prevent pathogen colonization

commensal bacteria

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______ sense the presence of infectious agents and substances released from dead cells

receptors (of phagocytes, dendritic cells, etc)

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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.

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Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

products of cellular damage that can be recognized by PRRs.

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PRPs in plasma membrane detect ____________, endosomal ones detect _______________, cytosolic one detect _____________

extracell pathogens

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ingested microbes

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microbes in cytoplasm

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

PRP that activates transcription factors that stimulate production of immune proteins

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plasma membrane TLRs detect _________ and endosomal TLRs detect __________

bacterial products (LPS)

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viral and bacterial RNA and DNA

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NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

cytosolic receptors, plays role in inflammation (fever) and chronic disorders

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Inflammasome

cytosolic multiprotein complex that is signaled by NLRs to activate caspase-1 that forms IL-1

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Interleukin-1

mediator of inflammation that recruits leukocytes and induces fever

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C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

on plasma membrane of macrophages and DCs that detect fungal glycans, inflammatory rxn to fungi

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G protein-coupled receptors

on leukocytes that detect short bacterial peptides w/ N-formylmethionyl, stimulates chemotaxis

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Mannose receptors

detect microbial sugars and induce microbe phagocytosis

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Innate immune system provides host defense by 2 rxns

  • inflammation (cytokines + complement)

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  • anti-viral defense (type I interferons)

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Steps of inflammatory rxn

  • offending agent recognized

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  • leukocytes + plasma proteins recruited from circ to site

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  • leukocytes + proteins activated to destroy offending agent

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____________ is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, to eliminate the offending agents.

Inflammation

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Inflammation results in exudation of fluid and plasma proteins and emigration of leukocytes, predominantly ____________

neutrophils

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Inflammatory mediators are also produced from ____________ that react to the microbes or to products of necrotic cells.

plasma proteins

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Inflammatory mediators do what?

  • promote plasma efflux

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  • recruit + activate leukocytes

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urate crystals in gout and cholesterol crystals in atherosclerosis can cause what

inflammation

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In inflammation, as stasis develops, how does endothelium change?

leukocytes accumulate along + adhere to endothelium (migrates to interstitial tissue)

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increased levels adhesion molecules

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______ are rapidly recruited while ______ are slower in response to inflammation

neutrophils

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macrophages

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how do neutrophils phagocytose

use cytoskeletal rearrangements and enzymes assemble to create rapid responses

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how do macrophages phagocytose

make slow and prolonged responses w/ growth factors

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When leukocytes are strongly activated, what may occur?

collateral tissue damage that prolongs inflammation

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Selectin

receptors expressed on leukocytes + endothelial cells

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(mediate initial weak interactions bw them)

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  • bind sugars

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E, P, L selectins

E - endothelial cells

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P - platelets and endothelium

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L - on leukocyte surface

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________ are expressed at low levels or not at all on unactivated endothelium

E-selectins

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Integrins

surface transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate leukocyte adhesion to endothelium (+ cells to extracell matrix)

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Integrins don't adhere to a specific ligand until:

leukocytes are activated by chemokines

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Chemokines

chemoattractant cytokines, secreted by cells at inflammation site

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Role of chemokines

Induce leukocyte migration and accumulation in tissue sites of inflammation (endothelial surface)

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cytokines TNF and IL-1

activate endothelial cells to increase ligand expression for integrins

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firm integrin-mediated binding of luekocytes to endothelium (@ inflammation site) is due to what combo?

cytokine-induced expression of integrin ligands on endothelium + increased integrin affinity on leukocytes

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transmigration of leukocytes occurs mainly in

postcapillary venules (maximal endothelial cell retraction)

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cytokine platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1)

on leukocytes + endothelial cells

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mediates binding events needed for leukocyte transmigration

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bacterial products, cytokines, complement components and products of AA metabolism are all examples of what?

chemoattractants of leukocytes

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In acute inflammation, why do neutrophils predominate in the infiltrate first? (then replaced by macrophages)

  • more of them

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  • respond faster to chemokines

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  • attach more firmly to adhesion molecules

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dominant cell in chronic inflammation

macrophage

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Examples of antioxidants

superoxidase dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase

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Oxygen-derived radicals may by released by ________ after exposure to offending agent

leukocytes

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nitric oxide (NO)

soluble gas made by arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) that participates in microbial killing

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e(ndothelial)NOS and n(euronal)NOS

expressed at low levels, the NO made maintains vascular tone as neurotransmitter

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i(nducible)NOS

expressed when macrophages activated by cytokines/microbes, induces NO production

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in macrophages, NO reacts w/ superoxide to produce

peroxynitrite (free radical)

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peroxynitrite (free radical)

attack lipids, proteins + nucleic acids of microbes and host cells

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granule enzymes

in neutrophils and monocytes, degrade microbes and dead tissues

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acid proteases

granule enzymes that degrade bacteria and debris in phagolysosomes

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Neutrophil elastase

degrades virulence factors of bacteria

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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)

extracellular fibrillar networks that concentrate anti-microbial substances at infection site + prevents spread

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a1-anti-trypsin is an anti-protease that inhibits

neutrophil elastase

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neutrophil extracellular traps are made of

meshwork of chromatin that binds (anti-microbial) granule proteins

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IL-17

induces chemokine secretion (that recruits other leukocytes)

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a lack of IL-17 causes

risk of infection and cold abscesses

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Classical macrophage activation - induced by

microbial products TLR-ligands and T cell-derived signals (IFN-γ)

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Classical macrophage activation - actions

macrophages produce NO and ROS + lysosomal enzymes, inflammatory

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Alternative macrophage activation - induced by

cytokines (IL-4+13) by T lymphocytes

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Alternative macrophage activation - actions

secrete growth factors that promote tissue repair, anti-inflammatory

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