Studied by 27 peopleconfirmation bias
people see what they look for and here what they want to hear; can be persuaded to find evidence for what they already believe
iron triangle
self-sustaining policy/regulation/industry loop
microfinance
small loans to individuals in developing countries, often women, with high rates of return and success
moral hazard
lack of incentive to guard against risk if one is protected from its consequences; grants are more likely to be spent erroneously because they don’t have the obligation to be paid back that loans do
asylum seekers
refugees who want to return when it is safe
Pyrrhic victory
giving so much to win that winning is effectively a loss
Aum Shinrikyo
doomsday cult with large following, thousands of members; failed at dispersing anthrax in Japanese subway system
unitary actors
assume that states are unified in their thinking and international policies without considering domestic conflicts; system level of analysis
core vs periphery
dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials vs countries that are dependent on other countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry.
naming and shaming
publicly identifying human rights violations in order to persuade or pressure a country to change due to societal standards
bounded rationality
a human decision-making process in which we attempt to satisfice, rather than optimize
relative deprivation
inequality and unequal access to resources as compared to other countries/groups
melian dialogue
Thucydides’ account of the conquest of the island of melos by the athenians. Encapsulates realist thought
planning vs strategy
one involves steps that can go awry, one is less specific and more adaptable to change in order to achive same goals
refugee
people who cross boarders fleeing persecution and danger who would ideally like to return to their homeland; have rights that other migrants don’t necessarily have
internally displaced persons
removed from their homes due to conflict, etc, but remain inside boarders
sustainable development
meets needs of present without compromising the ability future generations to meet their needs
nixon shock
ended dollar convertibility/gold standard and began floating exchange rates
balancing
joining/allying with other countries in order to oppose a challenging power
satyagraha
a policy of passive political resistance, especially that advocated by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India.
risky-shift
groups take on least rational member mindset; easily swayed towards actions with negative consequences
sovereign wealth funds
national investment accounts run by states, Saudi Arabia has one
cournucopians
believe that the earth and humankind can adapt to support all coming generations as a result of continued scientific advancement, such as the Green Revolution; humanity is good and the market will help provide solutions
Neo-Malthusianism
named for an academic who thought a billion people would overwhelmed the earth and result in mass starvation; usually scientific theories of resource strain that would deplete all resources as a result of overpopulation and overconsumption
UNESCO
a specialized agency of the United Nations with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
geoengineering
artificial modification of the earths climate to reverse the effects of climate change (not necessarily addressing the issues of
coming anarchy
a marxist view of the future of IR; scarcity, overpopulation, dissolving of fabric of society
back to the future
realist view of future of IR; other powers will rise to balance US, multipolarity will lead to conflict and regeneration of cycle
clash of civilizations
constructivist view of IR; great divisions amongst cultural lines and divisions into tribes/camps that will push and divide; they are not like us
the end of history
liberal view of the future of IR; democracies will eventually take over in waves until they are the only system and democratic peace will prevail
retreat from doomsday
constructivist view of IR; major war will become obsolete between major countries as a result of continued trends of peace
second strike capability
he ability, after being struck by a nuclear attack, to strike back with nuclear weapons and cause massive damage to the enemy; large factor in deterrence and mutually assured destruction
league of nations
an org established after WWI that was weakened by absence of US and ineffective enforcement of collective security; precursor to United Nations
hegemonic stability theory
the argument that regimes are most effective when power in international system is most concentrated
tragedy of the commons
collective goods dilemma when common environmental assets are depleted and degraded by inability of state cooperation; ex. fisheries
floating extrange rates
rates determined by global currency markets in which private investors and governments alike buy and sell currencies
foreign direct investment
aquisition by residents of one country of control over a new or existing business in another country
reciprocity
proposed solution to CGP through mutualism; can become vengeful
realism
a broad int. tradition that explains IR in terms of power
anarchy
lack of central government to enforce rules
soveriegnty
states right to do what it wants in its own territory; most important international norm
security dilemma
actions taken to protect ones security that are seen as a threat to another
bandwagoning
allying with a larger, more threatening state than your own to avoid conflict ie Belarus with Russia
multipolar
spread centers of power w/o alliances
power transition theory
largest wars come from change in largest power status
collective security
formation of broad alliance to jointly oppose aggression
democratic peace
theory that democracies rarely fight other democracies
constructivism
changing international norms and identities shape state interests
marxism
a branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle as major factors in IR + polisci; in IPE, believes capitalism leads to inequality; markets are neither fare nor free
difference feminism
gender is not just a social construct; men + women have diff strengths; goal: the goal of getting more women in IR to make it more peaceful/nurturing
liberal feminism
gender equality w no relevant differences b/tw sexes; goal: to include more women in the system because they’re talented, not inherently more/less than men
state
level of analysis→ regime type/internal politics dictates a nations behavior
system
level of analysis → looks at the world as a whole, state of anarchy
Treaty of Westphalia
began the modern state system in Europe after 30 Years War
Thomas Hobbes
rationalist philosopher; lack of strong central government leads to chaos
optimising
picking the best option after identifying every possible solution to a problem
satisficing
opposed to optimizing; finding an option that works well enough
prospect theory
options assessed by way of reference point (editing then evaluating against ref point)
groupthink
groups validate wrong decisions overconfidently
rally ‘round the flag syndrome
public support for leaders during wartime in short term, can be weaponized in diversionary wars
diversionary foreign policy
distracts from domestic issues by focusing abroad, especially in hopes of inspiring ‘rally round the flag effect
Jus in Bello
law during war
Jus ad bellum
law before war
limited war
military act with objectives other than total occupation
genocide
intentional + systematic attempts to completely destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group
counterinsurgency
combat guerrilla armies, goal is usually to “win hearts and minds” of people harboring guerrillas
UN Charter
founding document lays out structure within state anarchy but cannot enforce w/in borders without consent
General Assemby
allocates funds, passes resolutions, coordinate’s development and economic policies
UN Security council
body of 5 great powers w/ veto + 10 rotating states that make decisions abt peace/security
sanctions
agreements to stop trade/sever ties in some way with a country breaking the law
The World Court (ICJ)
the court of the UN in which only states can sue/be sued
diplomatic recognition
when countries acknowledge the status of embassies and ambassadors to each other
diplomatic immunity
diplomats cannot be tried for crimes in a host country’s court
Responsibility to Protect
principle adopted that holds governments responsible for protecting against genocide and crimes against humanity
International Criminal Court
permanent tribunal for war crimes/crimes against humanity
chemical weapons
WMD; mostly poison gas, used primarily in WWI now largely obsolete
biological weapons
WMD that rely on deadly disease
dual use problem
hard to discern purpose of development of biological weapons or biological medical advancement
Baruch Plan
international control of nuclear weapons that failed
deterrance
defensive weapon possession/use that stops invasion
guerrilla warfare
insurgents blend in with civilians instead of fighting in standing armies — goal is to wear down conventional armies
bandwagon
join a large threatening power to avoid the threat (ie Belarus + Russia)
peacekeeping
military operations designed to monitor existing peace with consent (most UN missions)
peace enforcement
use of force to compel compliance with resolution to restore peace
ethnic cleansing
forced relocation or removal of an ethnic, religious, or racial group (ie Armenians in Turkey). Can result in death/mass killing
Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
aid that funds drugs and education to combat HIV/AIDS for underdeveloped countries
personal security
reducing violence and crime within a country
Alliances
security institutions
proportinality
in just war theories, the idea that the actions taken must be in prevention of a greater evil and responses to violence in war shouldn’t be overdone
mercantilism
aka economic nationalism; security > prosperity; national wealth → national security
autarky
state goal of economic nationalism; self-sufficiency and protected exports/domestic goods
zero sum game
success at the expense of others; bigger share of pie piece must be taken away from others
positive sum game
liberal view of IPE; a rising tide raises all boats
econ liberalism
trade leads to better relations; econ power doesn’t automatically translate to military; markets can regulate themselves
bretton woods
capitalist countries convened to prevent another depression post WWII; invented World Bank, IMFm and International Trade Org (WTO)
world bank
investments in world development
International Monetary Fund
prevent currency crises
Most Favored Nation
tariffs and barriers applied to one country must be applied to all under WTO
dumping
national support of an industry to reduce price, sell for cheap and create monopoly; unfair
cartels
group of producers who control prices of a commodity
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