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scientific method
a systematic approach used in scientific study to do research or verify the work of others
qualitative data
info that describes a physical characteristic of a subject; ex. color, taste, smell, feel
quantitative data
measured, numerical info that describes as subject; ex. length, mass, density, speed
experiment
a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis
control
the standard used for comparison
independent variable
the variable the experimenter plans to change
dependent variable
the variable whose value depends on the changed variable
constants
variables that should be kept the same across both control and experimental groups
scientific law
a statement about how some aspect of the natural world behaves
scientific theory
an explanation of some aspect of the natural world; may accompany a law explaining them
basic science
research aimed at understanding fundamental problems; provides the knowledge foundation for applied science
applied science
the application of basic science knowledge to solve practical problems
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space; particles are always in motion; the kinetic energy of the particles increases as temp increases;
temperature
a measure of average kinetic energy
solid
particles vibrate in place (don’t move past each other), definite shape, definite volume
liquid
molecules slide past each other (fluid), indefinite shape, definite volume (still has the same amt as before)
gas
molecules separate and move throughout the container (they can collide), indefinite shape, indefinite volume (they can expand)
plasma
particles collide into charged particles (±) and gain or lose electrons, indefinite shape, variable volume
vapor
the gaseous phase of a substance that exists as a solid or liquid at room temp (ex. water vapor)
physical property
can be observed without changing the identity of the substance (ex. density, color, melting point); can observe with the five senses
chemical property
describes the ability of a substance to undergo changes in identity; must fundamentally change the substance to observe the property (ex. flammable, reacts with…)
extensive property
depends on the amt of matter present (ex. volume, mass)
intensive property
depends on the identity of the substance, NOT the amount (ex. boiling pt, density) - the boiling point is always 100 degrees Celsius
physical change
changes without changing chemical composition (ex. ripping paper, water on paper, dissolving, breaking glass, any type of phase change)
chemical change
changed the chemical composition of a substance (ex. when molecules are rearranged, burning, rusting, some type of reaction)
signs of chemical change
change in color, evolution of a new gas, spontaneous evolution of heat or light, evolution of an odor, formation of a precipitate (solid “falls out” of a liquid)
chemical reaction
also known as a chemical change
law of conservation of matter
how much you start with = how much you end with; mass of reactants = mass of products (matter cannot be created or destroyed)
pure substance
matter with uniform and constant composition (elements and compounds); unique chemical and physical properties
mixture
combinations of 2 or more pure substances; each substance retains its individual properties; variable composition (can differ by amount); can be separated by physical means
heterogeneous mixture
uneven blend of 2 or more pure substances; individual substances remain distinct (ex. sand and water, chocolate chip cookies)
homogeneous mixture
even blend of 2 or more substances; uniform composition; very small particles that don’t settle (ex. apple juice)
filtration
uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid
distillation
based on differences in the boiling points of the substances involved
chromatography
based on the ability of a substance to travel or be drawn across a surface
element
pure substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
compound
substances that contain 2 or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions; can be separated by a chemical change; properties differ from those of individual elements
law of definite proportions
A compound is always composed of the same elements in the same portion by mass
percent by mass
what the relative amounts of elements in a compound are expressed as (has an equation)
law of multiple proportions
sometimes, 2 elements can combine in more than one way to form different compounds
kelvin
SI base unit for temperature; equals Celsius + 273
derived unit
combination of base units
volume
length x length x length (1cmÂł = 1mL)
density
equals mass over volume (g/cmÂł or g/mL)
dimensional analysis
a problem solving method to convert between units by multiplication, division, and cancelling units out top to bottom
accuracy
how close a measurement is to the accepted value (measured with percent error); correctness
precision
how close a series of measurements are to each other (measured with range); consistency
percent error
measure for how accurate values are from a literature (accepted) value
range
the highest value in a data set minus the lowest value in a data set
are
fill in the blank: nonzero numbers ___ always significant (are/are not)
are
fill in the blank: zeros between nonzero numbers ___ always significant (are/are not)
are
fill in the blank: all final zeros to the right of the decimal ___ significant (are/are not)
are not
placeholder zeros ___ significant (are/are not)
have
fill in the blank: counting numbers and defined constants ____ infinite number of sig figs (have/ do not have)
addition and subtraction
when doing sig figs, you round your answer to the last common place in…
multiplication and division
when doing sig figs, you round your answer to the least number of sig figs in….