Adams Western Civ Test 3

What was the levee en masse?

a draft trying to get everyone involved in the war effort in France (everyone has a role)

What was the Vendee?

an area in Western France that decided they were going to revolt against the revolution.

What was the Terror

Jacobins took over and weeded out anyone that was against the revolution

Who was in charge of the Terror?

Committee of Public Safety

What was the Committee of Public Safety?

12 people appointed to run the terror, mostly Jacobins. Arrest and terrorize those they believed to be against the revolution

Who was Maximilien Robespierre, and what was his background?

He was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety. Louis XV came to his school one day and it was raining so Louis didn't get out and ended up splashing Maximilien

What types of things happened during the Terror?

Banned political organizations and female clubs, women who spoke up about wanting more rights were silenced, people who were against the revolution were arrested and terrorized,

How did they try to remake French society

changed the way people talked (replaced vous with tu), make 10 day weeks and new months. no longer used Christian names. Also went on dechristiansim movements

What was the Thermidorian Reaction?

Was the end to the Committee of Public Safety and the end to the Terror. Complete change of power

What was the Directory, when did it start, and when did it end?

A new French constitution that established a 5 person ruling body known as the Directorate. Started in October 1795 and ended November 10 1799

What changes did the Directory make?

less and less people can vote, brought back vous, reopened churches and elegant clothing came back

What was the "whiff of grapeshot"?

When Napoleon Bonaporte fired canons into a crowd of people who wanted to bring back the king, these people were known as the Royal Insurrection

What was the Battle of the Nile?

Major naval battle between French and Britain, French lost horribly as the British ships captured 11 of 13 of the French ships

Why did the Battle of the Nile happen

It happened because the French were going to Egypt to block the Britain's way to getting to India and the British heard that the French were trying to do this.

What happened on the 18th Brumaire, 1799?

Napoleon goes the the Council of 500 and says he's discovered a plot to overthrow the directory by the Jacobins. Then the army came in and Napoleon and Abbe Sieyes were given power

What was Napoleon Bonaparte's background?

He's from the island of Corsica, went to school in France with a full scholarship, got made fun of because his scholarship so he would get in fights and he was always determined to win

What was the Consulate, and who was the First Consul?

New French Constitution adopted in 1799 and Napoleon was the First Consul

What did the Consulate mean?

it gave everyone 21 and older the right to vote. Still least democratic form of government

What is a plebiscite?

a yes or no vote from the people, question doesn't come from elected leaders, instead it comes from the leader

What was the Concordat?

an agreement where Napoleon used religion to manipulate the people

When did Napoleon become emperor?

1804

How was Napoleon able to take this title of Emperor

He killed off the nobility so he would have no more threats to the throne

What was the Civil Code of 1804, otherwise known as the Napoleonic Code, and why was it significant?

A group of laws that Napoleon wrote for all of France. These codes influenced many other places than just France

Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana to the United States?

Because he wanted Haiti to make valued goods to sell

when, the major players, the outcome and significance of the Battle of Trafalgar

October 21, 1805, Britain, French, and Spain were major players, British destroyed and captured 1/2 of the French ships. For the next 100 years the British dominates the sea

What was the Peninsular War?

When Napoleon goes through Spain to capture Portugal and then on his way back captures Spain. Then the British land in Portugal and he has to fight them off. Napoleon was unsuccessful

Who was Joseph Bonaparte?

Napoleon's brother who was put in the throne of Spain

Who was Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington)?

english general who convinced Spanish farmers to burn their farms so the French couldn't steal their crops. Goes to Lisbin to set up defenses. Up against water so they have unlimited supplies

What tactic did the peasants practice in Spain and Portugal, and which was later used against the French in Russia?

they retreated, burned food maybe

Why did Napoleon divorce Josephine?

She could not produce an heir for him

What was the Grand Armee?

largest army raised in that point in history (600,000 men)

What were the Grande Armee strengths and weaknesses?

It had quantity but not quality- not much training or motivation

What happened to Moscow?

Russia burned it to the ground so the French wouldn't have provisions

Why was the Grand Armee defeated?

because they had very few provisions and had to travel 1500 miles through the Russian winter to get back to Paris

What was the Battle of Nations?

It was were the allies rose up to fight Napoleon and he was outnumbered 2:1. Napoleon lost. It was fought at Leipzig

Where was Napoleon first exiled to?

Island of Elba

Who was Louis 18th?

The brother of Louis XI who took the throne after Napoleon

What was the Charter?

it said that some rights given during the revolution would stick around in France

What was the Congress of Vienna?

a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon. They were trying to turn back the clock

Who were the major players of the Congress of Vienna

Austria, Britain, Prussia, Russia, France

Who was Chancellor Prince Klemens (Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar) von Metternich?

One of the main people in charge of the Congress from Austria

Who was British Foreign Secretary Viscount Robert Castlereagh?

One of the main people in charge of the Congress from Britain

What was the balance of power?

it was the goal of the Congress of Vienna

What were the 100 days?

The period of time when Napoleon came back from exile because he heard about the Congress of Vienna

What happened at Waterloo?

Napoleon's final defeat against the Britains and the Prussians. Napoleon would have won if they Prussians didn't join the battle late

What types of changes did the Congress of Vienna make?

The Second Treaty of Paris (1815), Borders back to 1790, France had to pay large sum for war, buffer areas, and the German Confederation.

What was the German Confederation?

an alliance that paved the way for Germany uniting in the later 1800s

What was the Concert of Europe?

A group of all the major countries that would step in if they felt the status quo was being threatened. They wanted to keep everything the same

What was the Holy Alliance?

Russia made their own group, and Austria and Prussia joined them. B team compared to the Concert of Europe

What did Liberals believe?

They believed there should be extended freedoms, and unity.

What happened when Ferdinand VII came back to power?

he did not recognize the new Constitution and brought back repression

What happened in Spain's overseas colonies, and how did this affect Spain?

the colonies began to revolt against Spain. Spain and Portugal have revolts of their own as a result

What powers intervened, and which did not?

The Holy Alliance intervened and Britain didn't

What did the followers of Trestaillons do?

persecuted Protestants, chopped them up into three pieces so to say

Who were the "ultra-royalists"?

A group of people that loved the idea of having a King

What was the personality of Charles X like?

very much old school king like personality, he believed that if he touched someone that they would be healed because he thought he had divine power.

What happened in the Revolution of 1830?

Charles X took people's rights away, and revolts started happening. Louis-Philippe became ruler.

Who was Louis-Philippe?

Charles X put him in charge to try and suppress the fighting. He was a man of the people and brought things back like the tricolored flag

What was Louis-Philippe's personality like?

He was very much a man of the people. He was also quite business oriented

Why was he called the Bourgeois Monarch?

Because L-P supported the Bourgeois greatly

Why was L-P reign called the July Monarchy?

Because all of the fighting that took place that overall gave him power happened in July

What were some of the problems L-P faced?

he faced many threats to his power along with assassination attempts. Nevertheless he stayed in power for about 20 years

Why were the late 1840s called the Hungry Forties?

There were food shortages throughout Europe.

What were the banquets in the late 1840s in France?

Excuses to get together and discuss public matters (they also ate a good amount)

What happened in the February Revolution in 1848?

Govt. banned the secret "banquets" & riots broke out.

Protestors built barricades and soldiers killed civilians.

Tore up the streets of Paris (cobblestone)

Louis-Phillipe abdicates and dismisses Guizot.

What happened when revolution spread to other lands in Europe (in Austria, Italian lands, etc.)?

Rulers give more freedoms, workers and peasants gain control of cities and countrysides. Milan rises up against the Austrians, this calls for the unification of Italian people

What were the National Workshops?

A public work project where France would pay unemployed people to build things like roads

What were the June Days?

A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. French people created a barricade to protect themselves. French troops were very brutal towards the citizens

Who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte?

He was elected President of France. He was also Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew

What was the Frankfurt Parliament? Were they successful?

A meeting that talked discussed drawing up a Constitution for a unified Germany. It did not work

How were the Revolutions of 1848 resolved in Austria? In the Italian Lands, esp. in the Papal States?

Milan drove out the Austrians by having street fights for five days. Unification of Italy was brought up. The Papal states rebelled and the Pope had to go into exile

What was France's Second Republic, and what was it like?

a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. Economic stability, freedoms restricted, universal manhood sufferage ended. Louis Napoleon wanted to stay in power for more than 4 years

What was France's Second Empire, and what was it like?

Period in France under the rule of Emperor Napoleon III. At the start it enjoyed economic growth and had a great foreign policy.