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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Unit One AP Government: Foundations of American Democracy

Important Documents

Declaration of Independence: written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776

  • Declared that the colonies are now independent from their previous British government

  • Declared that people have inalienable rights: (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)

  • Written to declare independence from British rule and establish a new country

The Articles of Confederation: written by Benjamin Franklin in 1777

Weaknesses of AOC

  • nine out of the thirteen states had to approve any law before it was enacted

  • there was no executive branch

  • no national judicial systems

  • Congress couldn’t have a national military

  • Congress couldn’t regulate trade or currency between the states or with other countries

  • Congress had no power to prevent states from breaking laws

  • any amendment to the Articles required the approval of all 13 states

Constitution: written by James Madison in 1787-1788

  • Defines the fundamental law of the federal government

  • Determines three principle branches of he federal government and outlines their jurisdictions.

  • Replaced the Articles of Confederation and made the federal government more powerful.

  • Created after the Articles of Confederation failed; demonstrated by Shay’s Rebellion

Federalist 10: Written by James Madison in 1787

-The purpose: To explain how a federal government disallows chaos caused by factions and their spread across state borders

-Faction: A small society defined by a common interest and/or location

-Madison’s claims on how to control factions: checks and balances; representation for each faction in a larger government

-Madison’s claim on why it is impossible to abolish all factions: factions are simply people bonding over their interests, and people and their opinions cannot be entirely suppressed in the name of democracy and liberty

Brutus 1: Written by Robert Yates in 1787

-The purpose: To explain the Constitution’s shortcomings in the handling of factions.

  • Brutus believes that smaller and state governments will be more likely to protect personal liberties.

  • Brutus expresses his fear that federal governments will overrule state government rulings and cause legislation to become out of touch with the people it is supposed to protect and represent.

  • Brutus predicts that future government representatives would abuse their power and not come to conclusions due to various opinions.

Comparing Brutus 1 and Federalist 10:

Agreements:

  • Factions can be problematic

  • Factions are bound to be problematic

  • the government should be fair and protect the people’s liberties and freedoms

  • government should be built on representation

  • Brutus believed that public officials would be easily corrupted, while Fed 10 believe that it wouldn’t be likely.

  • Brutus believed that the proper size of a republic should be smaller, ie. the states, and Fed 10 believes that the republic should be the entire United States that we have today (larger and over a larger variety of people).

  • Brutus believed that the people should have as much power as possible in the governmental system and Fed 10 believes that the people should have enough power, but only through representatives.

Important Cases:

Marbury vs. Madison

Date: 1803

Parties involved: Adams/The Federalists vs. Jefferson/Democratic-Republicans/Madison

Reason for the case:

John Adams named Marbury and several other justices just before his last day in office. Some of the commissions were not delivered before his term ended, so Jefferson took office and shut down the process. Marbury sued Jefferson’s new secretary of state (Madison) for vetoing his commission, and the case was taken to the Supreme Court.

Ruling and significance:

The case ruled that the federal courts have the power to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional. It established the principle of judicial review.

US vs Lopez

Date: 1994

Parties involved: United States vs. Lopez

Reason for the case:

There was debate over whether the 1990 Gun-Free Schools Act (at the state level) was unconstitutional or not because it exceeds the power of Congress to legislate under the Commerce Clause.

Ruling and Significance:

This was the first case where the court held that Congress had exceeded its powers to legislate under the Commerce Clause.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Date: 1819

Parties involved: James McCulloch vs. State of Maryland

Reason for the case:

When McCulloch refused a tax, the US government appealed to the Supreme Court because McCulloch claimed that a national bank was unconstitutional.

Ruling and Significance:

The Supreme Court ruled that although the Constitution doesn’t technically grant Congress the power to create a national bank, the authority to do so is protected under the Necesary and Proper Clause. The case established implied powers and national supremacy.

Plans for new government in 1787

New Jersey Plan:

  • Unicameral legislature

  • Equal representation in the House

  • Executives chosen by the legislative branch

  • Legislative branch has no veto powers

  • Removal of those in the legislative by the states

  • Judges appointed for life by the executive branch

Virginia Plan:

  • Bicameral legislature

  • Representation is based on population or monetary contributions to federal government

  • A single executive is chosen by the legislative branch

  • One term only

  • Executive can veto legislative acts

  • Executive can be removed from Congress

  • Judges are chosen by the legislative branch

Compromises

3/5ths Compromise

-The southern states wanted slaves to count as part of the population so they would have more representation in Congress

-Northern states wanted slaves to not count as population because they had fewer slaves and wouldn’t get as much representation in a Congress

-Compromise: 3:5s of the slave population of a state counted in Congressional representation

Great Compromise

-Virginia plan wanted bicameral legislature and representation based on population

-New Jersey plan wanted unicameral legislature and representation equal for each state

- Compromise: The number of representatives in the House of Representatives is based on population and the Senate has two representatives from each state

Slave Trade Compromise

The federal government would not touch slave trade or use for 20 years and banned taxing exports on for the states.

Electoral College

People would vote for the president they want, those votes are evaluated by an appointed member in the electoral college for your region/state, they put in their vote as a representation of the votes they received. The Electoral College more directly elects the president than the average voter, but everyone has influence.

Major Divisions

Federalists:

  • Favored the Constitution

Federalists

Antifederalists

Favored the Constitution

Opposed the Constitution

Lead by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay

Lead by Henry, R. Henry Lee, Mason, and Adams

Believed strong government was needed to protect the nation and solve domestic problems

Wanted strong state governments; feared strong national governments

Checks and balances would protect against abuse of power.

Believed that a strong executive (president) was similar to monarchy

Believed in protection of property rights

Wanted fewer limits on popular participation

Believed that the Constitution itself was a bill of rights with limitations and reserved powers for states

Believed that the addition of the Bill of Rights was needed to protect citizens against the government.

Main Arguments of the Centralist v Decentralist Debate

Centralists

A strong federal government can protect the nation from external and internal threats and dangers.

Decentralists

Strong state governments are more personal to the people and have less opportunity to be corrrupt.

Amendment Processes

Most Common:

Proposition by Congress with a 2/3 majority vote in both the House and the Senate.

Checks and Balances vs. Seperation of Powers

Checks and Balances

Seperation of Powers

How the powers divided between the government are regulated and balanced

The distribution of power amongst the branches of government.

Vocabulary

Term

Definition

Social Contract Theory

A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed

Representative Democracy

Citizens choose officials who decide public policy; found in most democratic nations

Selective Incorporation

The supreme court can incorporate certain parts of the different amendments, not necessarily the whole amendment

Slave Trade compromise

Banned slave trade for 20 years and prohibited taxing exports on the states

Devolution Revolution

A transfer of power to political subunits

Participatory Democracy

Depends on consent of the governed; consent given directly or through representatives; “traditional government” CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

Pluralist democracy

Interest groups: political parties: FACTIONS

Elite Democracy

Small number of powerful elites; upper class acts in own self interest; higher education; wealthier

Federalism

A division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Supremacy Clause

Helps to resolve conflict between national and state government; national government is supreme

10th Amendment

Powers not delegated by the Constitution are given to the states and/or the people directly

Implied Powers

Powers not expressed; powers reasonably inferred from the Constitution

Judicial Review

Judges and the times they serve affect how courts interpret law; Marbury vs Madison (1803)

Necessary and Proper Clause

Congress can make laws that “carry into execution the foregoing Powers” and enforce the Constitution

Grants-in-Aid

Money and resources provided by the federal government to state and local government for specific projects or programs

Categorial Grants

Grants with a specific purpose defined by law’ sometimes require matching funds from state or local government

Revenue Sharing

“no strings attached” form of aid to state and local government; Proposed by Johnson’s administration and ended during the Reagan administration

Federal Mandates

Requirements imposed by national governments on state and local governments; usually at the state or local expense

Commerce Clause

Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3; Gives Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, states, and Indian tribes

Enumerated Powers

Delegated Powers; Powers given specifically to the national government

Inherent Powers

Powers that exist for the national government because the national government is sovereign

Full Faith and Credit Clause

States are required to recognize legal documents from other states

Popular Sovereignty

The people are the source of the government’s authority

Unitary System

States are governed as a single entity where the central government is supreme authority

Block Grants

General grants that can be used for a variety of purposes within a broad category

Reserved Powers

Powers belonging to the states because they do not belong to the national goverment and are not denied to the states

Cooperative Federalism

MARBLE CAKE; federalism in which state and federal government share responsibilities; ie. roads and railroads

Concurrent Powers

Powers that belong to both the national and state governments

Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)

Duel system of government with congressional representation; the House of Representatives is determined by the population of each state

Privileges and Immunities Clause

States cannot discriminate against people for being from a different state; you can do things in a state you don’t live in

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Chapter 6: The Human Population and Its Impact
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Pseudotumor Cerebri
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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