Exam 2
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79 Terms
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Group
Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent, coming together to achieve objectives.
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Formal Groups
Groups defined by the organization’s structure.
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Informal Groups
Groups that are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined.
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Task Behaviors
Behaviors relevant to the group’s mission, goal, or objective.
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Maintenance Behaviors
Behaviors related to group harmony, climate, and relationships.
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Self-Oriented Behaviors
Behaviors that hinder effectiveness due to self-interest over group interest.
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Punctuated Equilibrium Model
A model indicating that groups experience periods of inertia and bursts of change.
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Role
Expected behavior patterns attributed to a given position.
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Role Perception
How we think we should act in a role.
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Role Expectations
How others think we should act in a role.
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Role Conflict
When multiple roles clash.
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Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group.
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Deviant Workplace Behavior
Actions that violate norms and harm the organization.
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Production Deviance
Behaviors like leaving early, working slowly, or wasting resources.
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Property Deviance
Behaviors like sabotage, lying about hours, or theft.
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Political Deviance
Behaviors like favoritism, gossip, or blaming coworkers.
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Personal Aggression
Behaviors like harassment, verbal abuse, or coworker theft.
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Status
A socially defined position or rank in a group.
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Status Inequity
Creates tension among group members due to status differences.
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Cohesiveness
Group members’ attraction and commitment to each other.
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Social Loafing
The phenomenon where individuals exert less effort in groups.
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Group Size Effect
Small groups lead to faster task completion while large groups enhance idea generation.
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Diversity
Differences among group members, which can lead to subgroups and faultlines.
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Groupthink
When pressure for conformity reduces critical evaluation in groups.
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Groupshift
When discussions lead to extreme positions in groups.
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Brainstorming
A technique that encourages creativity but may face production blocking.
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Nominal Group Technique (NGT)
A method that restricts discussion to encourage independent thinking.
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Motivation
Effort toward attaining a goal.
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Key Elements of Motivation
Intensity, direction, and persistence of effort.
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
A theory stating that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy.
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Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Differentiates between hygiene factors and motivators.
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Self-Determination Theory
Focuses on intrinsic motivation and basic psychological needs.
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Self-Efficacy Theory
Belief in one's capability to perform a task.
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Reinforcement Theory
The idea that behavior is a function of its consequences.
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Expectancy Theory
Effort leads to performance which leads to rewards.
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Organizational Justice
Fairness perceptions about outcomes, processes, and treatment.
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Job Engagement
Investing physical, cognitive, and emotional energy into work.
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Person-Organization Fit
Match between an individual's values and the organization.
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Person-Job Fit
Alignment between a person’s characteristics and their job role.
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Holland’s Person-Job Fit Theory
Identifies how personality types match with job roles.
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A personality assessment tool categorizing individuals into 16 types.
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The Big Five Model
A personality framework featuring five major traits.
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Conscientiousness
A trait linked to being responsible and organized.
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The Dark Triad
A group of negative personality traits affecting workplace behavior.
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Core Self-Evaluation (CSE)
A personal assessment leading to job satisfaction and performance.
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Self-Monitoring
The ability to adjust behavior based on social cues.
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Proactive Personality
Individuals who take initiative and drive change.
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Situation Strength Theory
The degree to which situational factors limit personality effects.
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Trait Activation Theory
Theory stating certain situations activate specific traits.
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Values
Enduring beliefs about what is desirable.
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Terminal Values
Life-long goals such as freedom or prosperity.
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Instrumental Values
Behaviors preferred to achieve goals like honesty and discipline.
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Frameworks identifying different cultural values.
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Generational Values
Differences in preferred values across generations.
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Performance Orientation
Encouragement of excellence in organizations and cultures.
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Humane Orientation
The emphasis on kindness and fairness in organizational settings.
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Personality and Situational Influence
The impact of the environment on personality expression.
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Cultural Values
Beliefs that differ across cultures.
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Fairness of Outcomes
Aspect of organizational justice known as distributive justice.
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Fairness of Processes
Aspect of organizational justice known as procedural justice.
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Treatment Fairness
Aspect of organizational justice known as interactional justice.
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Intrinsically Motivated Behavior
Engaging in a task for its own sake.
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Extrinsically Motivated Behavior
Engaging in a task for external rewards.
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Management by Objectives (MBO)
Goal-setting approach involving all organizational levels.
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Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET)
Theory on how external rewards affect intrinsic motivation.
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Vicarious Modeling
Gaining confidence by observing others.
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Verbal Persuasion
Encouragement received from others to boost self-efficacy.
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Arousal
An energy boost that can increase self-efficacy.
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Distributive Justice
Fairness of outcomes received by individuals.
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Procedural Justice
Fairness in the processes that lead to outcomes.
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Interactional Justice
Fairness in treatment and communication.
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Character Traits
Enduring characteristics that define individual behaviors.
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Social Loafing Prevention
Strategies to reduce individual effort in group settings.
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Engagement Strategies
Methods to increase commitment and performance in groups.
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Faultlines
Subgroup divisions within diverse teams.
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Group Norms
Standards that influence group behavior and interactions.
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Higher-status Members
Individuals who can deviate more from group norms.
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Behavior equaiton
Needs x Expected probability of success to goal x Incentive x Justice or perceptions of fairness
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory (low to high)
Physiological, Safety security, Social belongingness, Esteem, Self actualization.
Flashcards (27)