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FlashcardsLamarck
First to state that organism can change
Charles Lyell
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Geologist who said earth was old
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Lamarck
First to state that organism can change
Charles Lyell
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Geologist who said earth was old
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Thomas Malthus
Economist who said there were limited amounts of money and resources (carrying capacity)
Charles Darwin
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Studied finches and created a theory of natural selection
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Natural selection
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heritable trait + variation in a population + selective pressure + differential survival and reproduction
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3 types of natural selection
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normal variation, directional (shifted), diversifying (middle bad), stabilizing (middle good)
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Artificial selection
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Humans select their favorite traits and breed them
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4 types of evidence of evolution
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Fossil evidence, Anatomical evidence, Embryological evidence, and Biochemical evidence
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Fossil evidence
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Physical remains from the past and at least 10,000 years old
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Anatomical evidence
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Organism have anatomical similarities between species
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Homologous structure
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Same structure, different function
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Analogous structure
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Different structure, same function
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Vestigial structure
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remains of a structure that was functional in the same ancestors but is no longer functional
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Embryological evidence
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common ancestry
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Biochemical evidence
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uses same DNA code and same 20 amino acids in their proteins
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Variation in population
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caused through mutations (good gets passed on bad is left)
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Microevolution
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changes in allele frequencies in a population
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Allele
a version of a gene (Aa)
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4 types of microevolution
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Natural selection, mutations, gene flow, and genetic drift
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Mutations
random change in DNA
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Gene flow
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genes move in or out of a population
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Genetic drift
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random death due to luck
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Polygenetic traits
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controlled by two or more genes
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Biological species concept
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individuals can reproduce and create viable/fertile offspring
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Reproductive isolation
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Prevents from having offspring (geographic)
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Zygote
fertilized egg
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5 types of prezygotic barries
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habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, technical isolation, gametic isolation
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Habitat isolation
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same area, different habitats
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behavioral isolation
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signals that attract
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temporal isolation
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different timing
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mechanical isolation
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parts don't fit
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gametic isolation
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egg and sperm don't fuse, egg rejects sperm
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post zygotic barriers
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not a viable fertile adult
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Allopatric speciation
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new species evolve due to geographic barrier
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sympatric speciation
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new species evolve without geographic separation
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adaptive radiation
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one common ancestor to a lot of new species
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punctuated equilibrium
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short burst of change then long period of no change
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gradualism
slow and steady change over time
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cladogram
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phylogenetic diagram to show divergence
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Clade
evolutionary branch in diagram
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How old is earth?
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4.6 BYO
Fitness
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Measure of reproductive success
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Sexual selection
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Mate choice
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Prokaryote Cell
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A cell without a nucleus - First cell
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Eukaryote Cell
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Cell that has several complex organelles
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Reduced hybrid fertility
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Sterile (cross species can’t reproduce)
Intersexual selection
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good genes female picks
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Intrasexual selection
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Male, male competition
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Selective pressure
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external agents which affect organisms ability to survive in given environment
Gases on early earth
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Co2, water vapor, N, CO, hydrogen sulfide, & hydrogen cyanide
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Conditions on early earth
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The sky was pink/orange and there were lots of volcanic activity
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How the first life forms were created
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They began in the water
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How does speciation occur?
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a group within a species separates from other members of it's species and develops its own characteristics
What must be present for speciation to occur.
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Two new populations must form from one population
Types of speciation
allopatric & sympatric
directional shift
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light-colored mouse blends in with the grass, dark brown blends in with dirt, but a medium brown stand out
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sexual reproduction
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reproduction involving the union of a male and a female
What is life
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Made up by cells, metabolize energy, evolve, grow, exchange of gases, respond to external stimuli, reproduce, genetic material
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Biology
The study of living things
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Ecology
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Study of relationships of living things with each other and their environment
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Ecosystem
Abiotic and biotic factors
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Ecosystem characteristic
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Temperature and precipitation
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Organism
Living thing that makes up a population
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Population
Same species in an area
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Community
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Multiple different species in an area
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Biosphere
Earth
How are biomes characterized?
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By a regions average temperature and precipitation
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Grassland
Rain, wildfires, few trees, foxes, coyotes, and bison (Mideast US)
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Deciduous Forest
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Leaves fall off trees, 4 season, chipmunk, deer, and black bear (Midwest US)
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Producers
Create their own food through photosynthesis
Autotrophs
Also known as primary producers
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Heterotrophs
Organisms that rely on other organism for energy and nutrients
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Herbivores
Eat plants
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Carnivores
Kill and eat other animals
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Omnivores
Eat both plants and animals
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Scavengers
Eat carcasses of dead animals
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Decomposers
Chemically breaks down organic matter
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How does energy flow in a food chain
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Flow to who is receiving the energy
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Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce offspring
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Geosphere
All of the rock at and below Earth's surface
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Hydrosphere
All the water above and below Earth's surface
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Atmosphere
Thin layer of gases that surround Earth
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Scientific methodology
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Observation, experimentation , and modeling
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Food chain
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organism obtains energy from the one at the level below
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Photosynthesis
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The process that uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen
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Cellular respiration
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The process of converting glucose
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Primary producers
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Make their own food (eaten by primary consumers)
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What are the four types of consumers
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Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores
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Ways to classify consumers
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Primary, secondary, tertiary
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What is parasitism considered and why?
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Happy, sad (bacteria is happy, you are sad)
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Mutualism
Cooperative partnership between two
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What is mutualism considered and why?
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Happy, happy
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Commensalism
One benefits and the other is unharmed
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What is commensalism considered and why?
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Happy, don't care
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Coevolution
When 2 or more species evolve
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Immigration
Coming in population
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Emigration
Coming out population
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Density-dependent
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Biotic factors have an increasing effect as population increases
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Predator and Prey
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Actively hunt and consume another
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Competition
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Two or more compete for the same food/resources
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