Semester 1 Review

Lamarck

Lamarck

First to state that organism can change

Charles Lyell

Geologist who said earth was old

Thomas Malthus

Economist who said there were limited amounts of money and resources (carrying capacity)

Charles Darwin

Studied finches and created a theory of natural selection

Natural selection

heritable trait + variation in a population + selective pressure + differential survival and reproduction

3 types of natural selection

normal variation, directional (shifted), diversifying (middle bad), stabilizing (middle good)

Artificial selection

Humans select their favorite traits and breed them

4 types of evidence of evolution

Fossil evidence, Anatomical evidence, Embryological evidence, and Biochemical evidence

Fossil evidence

Physical remains from the past and at least 10,000 years old

Anatomical evidence

Organism have anatomical similarities between species

Homologous structure

Same structure, different function

Analogous structure

Different structure, same function

Vestigial structure

remains of a structure that was functional in the same ancestors but is no longer functional

Embryological evidence

common ancestry

Biochemical evidence

uses same DNA code and same 20 amino acids in their proteins

Variation in population

caused through mutations (good gets passed on bad is left)

Microevolution

changes in allele frequencies in a population

Allele

a version of a gene (Aa)

4 types of microevolution

Natural selection, mutations, gene flow, and genetic drift

Mutations

random change in DNA

Gene flow

genes move in or out of a population

Genetic drift

random death due to luck

Polygenetic traits

controlled by two or more genes

Biological species concept

individuals can reproduce and create viable/fertile offspring

Reproductive isolation

Prevents from having offspring (geographic)

Zygote

fertilized egg

5 types of prezygotic barries

habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, technical isolation, gametic isolation

Habitat isolation

same area, different habitats

behavioral isolation

signals that attract

temporal isolation

different timing

mechanical isolation

parts don't fit

gametic isolation

egg and sperm don't fuse, egg rejects sperm

post zygotic barriers

not a viable fertile adult

Allopatric speciation

new species evolve due to geographic barrier

sympatric speciation

new species evolve without geographic separation

adaptive radiation

one common ancestor to a lot of new species

punctuated equilibrium

short burst of change then long period of no change

gradualism

slow and steady change over time

cladogram

phylogenetic diagram to show divergence

Clade

evolutionary branch in diagram

How old is earth?

4.6 BYO

Fitness

Measure of reproductive success

Sexual selection

Mate choice

Prokaryote Cell

A cell without a nucleus - First cell

Eukaryote Cell

Cell that has several complex organelles

Reduced hybrid fertility

Sterile (cross species can’t reproduce)

Intersexual selection

good genes female picks

Intrasexual selection

Male, male competition

Selective pressure

external agents which affect organisms ability to survive in given environment

Gases on early earth

Co2, water vapor, N, CO, hydrogen sulfide, & hydrogen cyanide

Conditions on early earth

The sky was pink/orange and there were lots of volcanic activity

How the first life forms were created

They began in the water

How does speciation occur?

a group within a species separates from other members of it's species and develops its own characteristics

What must be present for speciation to occur.

Two new populations must form from one population

Types of speciation

allopatric & sympatric

directional shift

light-colored mouse blends in with the grass, dark brown blends in with dirt, but a medium brown stand out

sexual reproduction

reproduction involving the union of a male and a female

What is life

Made up by cells, metabolize energy, evolve, grow, exchange of gases, respond to external stimuli, reproduce, genetic material

Biology

The study of living things

Ecology

Study of relationships of living things with each other and their environment

Ecosystem

Abiotic and biotic factors

Ecosystem characteristic

Temperature and precipitation

Organism

Living thing that makes up a population

Population

Same species in an area

Community

Multiple different species in an area

Biosphere

Earth

How are biomes characterized?

By a regions average temperature and precipitation

Grassland

Rain, wildfires, few trees, foxes, coyotes, and bison (Mideast US)

Deciduous Forest

Leaves fall off trees, 4 season, chipmunk, deer, and black bear (Midwest US)

Producers

Create their own food through photosynthesis

Autotrophs

Also known as primary producers

Heterotrophs

Organisms that rely on other organism for energy and nutrients

Herbivores

Eat plants

Carnivores

Kill and eat other animals

Omnivores

Eat both plants and animals

Scavengers

Eat carcasses of dead animals

Decomposers

Chemically breaks down organic matter

How does energy flow in a food chain

Flow to who is receiving the energy

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce offspring

Geosphere

All of the rock at and below Earth's surface

Hydrosphere

All the water above and below Earth's surface

Atmosphere

Thin layer of gases that surround Earth

Scientific methodology

Observation, experimentation , and modeling

Food chain

organism obtains energy from the one at the level below

Photosynthesis

The process that uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen

Cellular respiration

The process of converting glucose

Primary producers

Make their own food (eaten by primary consumers)

What are the four types of consumers

Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores

Ways to classify consumers

Primary, secondary, tertiary

What is parasitism considered and why?

Happy, sad (bacteria is happy, you are sad)

Mutualism

Cooperative partnership between two

What is mutualism considered and why?

Happy, happy

Commensalism

One benefits and the other is unharmed

What is commensalism considered and why?

Happy, don't care

Coevolution

When 2 or more species evolve

Immigration

Coming in population

Emigration

Coming out population

Density-dependent

Biotic factors have an increasing effect as population increases

Predator and Prey

Actively hunt and consume another

Competition

Two or more compete for the same food/resources