Semester 1 Review

Lamarck

First to state that organism can change

Charles Lyell

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**Geologist who said earth was old**

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Thomas Malthus

**Economist who said there were limited amounts of money and resources (carrying capacity)**

Charles Darwin

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**Studied finches and created a theory of natural selection**

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Natural selection

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**heritable trait + variation in a population + selective pressure + differential survival and reproduction**

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3 types of natural selection

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**normal variation, directional (shifted), diversifying (middle bad), stabilizing (middle good)**

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Artificial selection

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**Humans select their favorite traits and breed them**

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4 types of evidence of evolution

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**Fossil evidence, Anatomical evidence, Embryological evidence, and Biochemical evidence**

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Fossil evidence

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**Physical remains from the past and at least 10,000 years old**

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Anatomical evidence

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**Organism have anatomical similarities between species**

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Homologous structure

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**Same structure, different function**

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Analogous structure

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**Different structure, same function**

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Vestigial structure

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**remains of a structure that was functional in the same ancestors but is no longer functional**

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Embryological evidence

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**common ancestry**

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Biochemical evidence

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**uses same DNA code and same 20 amino acids in their proteins**

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Variation in population

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**caused through mutations (good gets passed on bad is left)**

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Microevolution

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**changes in allele frequencies in a population**

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Allele

**a version of a gene (Aa)**

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4 types of microevolution

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**Natural selection, mutations, gene flow, and genetic drift**

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Mutations

**random change in DNA**

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Gene flow

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**genes move in or out of a population**

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Genetic drift

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**random death due to luck**

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Polygenetic traits

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**controlled by two or more genes**

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Biological species concept

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**individuals can reproduce and create viable/fertile offspring**

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Reproductive isolation

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**Prevents from having offspring (geographic)**

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Zygote

**fertilized egg**

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5 types of prezygotic barries

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**habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, technical isolation, gametic isolation**

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Habitat isolation

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**same area, different habitats**

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behavioral isolation

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**signals that attract**

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temporal isolation

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**different timing**

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mechanical isolation

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**parts don't fit**

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gametic isolation

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**egg and sperm don't fuse, egg rejects sperm**

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post zygotic barriers

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**not a viable fertile adult**

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Allopatric speciation

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**new species evolve due to geographic barrier**

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sympatric speciation

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**new species evolve without geographic separation**

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adaptive radiation

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**one common ancestor to a lot of new species**

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punctuated equilibrium

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**short burst of change then long period of no change**

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gradualism

**slow and steady change over time**

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cladogram

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**phylogenetic diagram to show divergence**

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Clade

**evolutionary branch in diagram**

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How old is earth?

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4\.6 BYO

Fitness

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**Measure of reproductive success**

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Sexual selection

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**Mate choice**

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Prokaryote Cell

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**A cell without a nucleus - First cell**

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Eukaryote Cell

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**Cell that has several complex organelles**

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Reduced hybrid fertility

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Sterile (cross species can’t reproduce)

Intersexual selection

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**good genes female picks**

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Intrasexual selection

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**Male, male competition**

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Selective pressure

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external agents which affect organisms ability to survive in given environment

Gases on early earth

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**Co2, water vapor, N, CO, hydrogen sulfide, & hydrogen cyanide**

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Conditions on early earth

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**The sky was pink/orange and there were lots of volcanic activity**

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How the first life forms were created

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**They began in the water**

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How does speciation occur?

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a group within a species separates from other members of it's species and develops its own characteristics

What must be present for speciation to occur.

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Two new populations must form from one population

Types of speciation

allopatric & sympatric

directional shift

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**light-colored mouse blends in with the grass, dark brown blends in with dirt, but a medium brown stand out**

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sexual reproduction

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**reproduction involving the union of a male and a female**

What is life

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**Made up by cells, metabolize energy, evolve, grow, exchange of gases, respond to external stimuli, reproduce, genetic material**

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Biology

**The study of living things**

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Ecology

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**Study of relationships of living things with each other and their environment**

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Ecosystem

**Abiotic and biotic factors**

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Ecosystem characteristic

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**Temperature and precipitation**

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Organism

**Living thing that makes up a population**

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Population

**Same species in an area**

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Community

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**Multiple different species in an area**

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Biosphere

Earth

How are biomes characterized?

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**By a regions average temperature and precipitation**

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Grassland

**Rain, wildfires, few trees, foxes, coyotes, and bison (Mideast US)**

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Deciduous Forest

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**Leaves fall off trees, 4 season, chipmunk, deer, and black bear (Midwest US)**

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Producers

**Create their own food through photosynthesis**

Autotrophs

**Also known as primary producers**

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Heterotrophs

**Organisms that rely on other organism for energy and nutrients**

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Herbivores

**Eat plants**

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Carnivores

**Kill and eat other animals**

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Omnivores

**Eat both plants and animals**

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Scavengers

**Eat carcasses of dead animals**

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Decomposers

**Chemically breaks down organic matter**

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How does energy flow in a food chain

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**Flow to who is receiving the energy**

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Species

**A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce offspring**

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Geosphere

**All of the rock at and below Earth's surface**

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Hydrosphere

**All the water above and below Earth's surface**

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Atmosphere

**Thin layer of gases that surround Earth**

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Scientific methodology

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**Observation, experimentation , and modeling**

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Food chain

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**organism obtains energy from the one at the level below**

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Photosynthesis

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**The process that uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen**

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Cellular respiration

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**The process of converting glucose**

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Primary producers

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**Make their own food (eaten by primary consumers)**

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What are the four types of consumers

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**Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores**

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Ways to classify consumers

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**Primary, secondary, tertiary**

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What is parasitism considered and why?

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**Happy, sad (bacteria is happy, you are sad)**

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Mutualism

**Cooperative partnership between two**

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What is mutualism considered and why?

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**Happy, happy**

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Commensalism

**One benefits and the other is unharmed**

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What is commensalism considered and why?

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**Happy, don't care**

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Coevolution

**When 2 or more species evolve**

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Immigration

**Coming in population**

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Emigration

**Coming out population**

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Density-dependent

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**Biotic factors have an increasing effect as population increases**

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Predator and Prey

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**Actively hunt and consume another**

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Competition

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**Two or more compete for the same food/resources**

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