BIOLOGY FINAL STUDYING SEM 2

prokaryotes lack what structure?

a nuclear membrance

What describes most prokaryotes?

they are very common in the environment

what are the features of prokaryotes that enable them to adapt so quickly?

short generation times and they undergo genetic recombination in three ways (conjunction, transduction, and transformation)

Which type of bacteria has the thickest layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall?

gram-positive bacteria

In what type of environment would extreme halophiles living?

In highly saline environments (very salty lakes)

What types of organism gets its energy from sunlight and its carbon from ingesting other organisms?

Photoheterotrophs

protocell

a membrane enclosed droplet that maintains consistent internal chemistry

what are the layered rocks formed by certain prokaryotes?

stromatolites

Since flagella of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes arose independently, they are considered _______ structures

analogous

Transduction

the process of phages carrying prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another

What are the only bacteria lacking cell walls?

mycoplasma species

Why does the hydrothermal vent community not include photosynthetic organisms?

sunlight doesn’t penetrate far enough for photosynthetic organisms to survive

peptidoglycan

network of modified sugars and polypeptides

gram-positive bacteria

have simpler cell walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan

gram-negative bacteria

have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides

capsule

a sticky, protective outer layer of prokaryotes

taxis

the abiliy to move toward or away from a stimulus

conjugation

a process by which genetic material is transferred directly between prokaryotic cells

exotoxins

secreted and causes diseased even if the prokaryotes that produce them are not present

endotoxins

Released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

photoautotroph

energy: light carbon source: co2, hco3-, or related compound

chemoautotroph

energy: inorganic chemicals carbon source: co2, hco3-, or related compound

photoheterotroph

energy: light carbon source: organic compounds

chemoheterotroph

energy: organic compounds carbon source: organic compounds

mutualism

two species benefit from each other

commensalism

one organism benefits while the other is not affected

parasitism

one species benefits while the other suffers

what features might chloroplasts and mitochondria contain?

plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes

what is the largest group of eukaryotic organisms?

protists

what evidence supports the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids?

chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA similar to bacterial chromosomes

What most likely arose from endosymbiosis?

Chloroplasts and mirochondria

What observation gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells?

The similarity in size between the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

From engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

What organelle was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?

chloroplasts

Why can eukaryotes be considered "combination" organisms?

their genes and cellular features originate from both archaea and bacteria

The evolution of multicellularity in animals required adaptations that promoted

cellular adhesion and intercellular communication

The last common ancestor of fungi and animals was most likely a

Single celled eukaryote

The evolution of multicellularity in animals has primarily occurred by

Remodeling of old genes

The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime molds…

DNA

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

Secondary endosymbiosis

What are the key traits that appear in nearly all plants but are absent in the charophytes?

Alternation of genetics, walled spores, apical meristems, multicellular dependent embryos

What are the two types of leaves?

Simple and compound leaves

Roots

the part of a vascular plant that absorbs water and nutrients, anchors the plant, and stores food

Leaves

appendages that grow from a plant's stem, serving as the primary organ for photosynthesis

Xylem

plant tissue that transports water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant

Phloem

the living tissue within vascular plants responsible for transporting organic compounds from the leaves to other parts of the plant

Mycelium

a network of thread-like fungal filaments that forms the vegetative body of a fungus

Seed

a flowering plant's unit of reproduction

Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue. What are these two tissues?

Xylem and phloem

In addition to seeds there are three things common to all seeds. What are they?

an embryo, a seed coat, and a stored food source

One of the consequences of having vascular tissue is that it enabled plants to ____________

Grow taller

What is specialized for the transport of water and nutrients in plants?

Xylem

What is the closest relative to plants?

Carophytes

The flower is specialized for

Sexual reproduction in plants

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves called floral organs. What are these four types?

sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

A _________ consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat.

Seed

Three aspects of animal body plans that are useful for comparisons are

Symmetry, tissues, body cavities

Ectoderm

the outermost layer of cells in an embryo that develops into the skin, nervous system, and sense organs

Endodermis

the innermost layer of cells

Mesoderm

the middle of the three primary germ layers of an embryo

The body of a mollusc has three main parts that vary in size and form. What are these three parts?

the foot, the visceral mass, and the mantle

What should animals with radial symmetry be better able to do than those with bilateral symmetry?

detect threats or food sources from all directions equally

Which trait is shared by all vertebrates, at least in some developmental stages, except the lampreys?

The presence of hinged jaws

What describes phylogenetic relationships among birds, mammals, and reptiles?

birds share the closest common ancestor with dinosaurs

Which group outcompeted amphibians on land due to their watertight skin and watertight eggs?

Reptiles

What are the three embryonic germ layers?

Ectoderm, mesodermal, endoderm

What is unique to animals?

Nervous conduction and muscular movement

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having

True tissues or no tissues

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of

Adaptive radiation

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

Feeding

What is a primary, common evolutionary feature of all reptiles, mammals, and birds?

Amniotic egg

what helped lay the groundwork for darwins ideas?

the study of fossils

what is the study of fossils?

paleontology

what is the process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce?

natural selection

descent with modification by natural selection explains three broad observations about nature, what are these observations?

1. the unity of life

2. the diversity of life

3. the ways organisms are suited for life in their environments

humans modify other species through selective breeding of individuals with a desired trait. What is this called?

artificial selection

what can evolve over time?

populations

what are the four types of data that document the pattern of evolution and illuminate how it occurs?

1. direct observations

2. homology

3. the fossil record

4. biogeography

what are anatomical resemblences that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor?

homologous structure

what are remnants of features that served important functions in an organisms ancestors but serve no current purpose?

vestigial structures

imagine two species that are thought to have a common ancestor. If this idea is correct, these two species likely have…..

what is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species?

phylogeny

what classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships?

systematics

what is the scientific discipline responsible for the ordered naming and division of animals?

taxonomy

what are the broad categories for grouping species in order from most to least inclusive?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

what classifies organisms by common descent?

cladistics

what is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants?

a clade

what are the three types of cladistics?

1. monophyletic

2. paraphyletic

3. polyphyletic

what are the three main mechanisms that cause allele frequency change?

1. natural selection

2. genetic drift

3. gene flow

what is a change in allele frequencies in a population over time?

macroevolution

what is the existence of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring?

Reproductive isolation

consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population

Gene pool

   What are the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

1. No gene flow

2. Large population

3. No natural selection

4. No mutations

5. Random mating

What is a process where allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next?

Genetic drift

What consists of the movement of alleles among populations?

Gene flow

What is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals?

Relative fitness

What occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

Balancing selection

Balancing selection includes what two things?

Heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection

What refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level?

Macroevolution