Chapter 2 Part 2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions: Molecules, Ions, and Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds

Ions

Elements or molecular groups (groups of chemically bonded element) that have charge

What are the two types of Ions?

Monatomic Ions and Polyatomic Ions

Monatomic Ions

Ions formed from single atoms

Polyatomic Ions

Ions formed from two or more atoms

How are ions formed?

Through the loss or gain of electrons

Cations

Ions that carry positive charge

Anions

Ions that carry negative charge

Chemical Bonds

Forces that hold atoms together in compounds

Octet Rules

The noble gases have a particular stable octet of 8 electrons in their valence energy shell.

-Compounds are the result of formation of chemical bonds between two or more elements

-These elements have the tendency to lose, gain, or share electrons to achieve octet structure to become more stable

What are the three Intermolecular Chemical Bonding?

-Ionic Bonding

-Covalent Bonding

-Metallic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Complete transfer of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another atom (usually between a metal and a nonmetal)

*The result in electrostatic attraction between the cations and anions

Covalent Bonding

The sharing of valence electrons (the electrons on the last shell)

-Usually between nonmetals & nonmetals OR between nonmetals & metalloids

*The result of the mutual attraction between the cations and anions

Metallic Bonding

The communal sharing of electrons between metals

*Sea of electrons

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

-Nonpolar Covalent Bond

-Polar Covalent Bond

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms

-No charges on atoms

Polar Covalent Bond

Bonding electrons shared unequally between two atoms

-Partial charges on atoms

Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons to itself

-The value of the electronegativity increases going from left to right in a period and from bottom to top in a group

What side to what side does the value of the electronegativity increase on a periodic table?

The value of the electronegativity increases going from left to right in a period and from bottom to top in a group

Which element has the highest electronegative value?

Fluorine with a value of 4.0 electronegativity

What type of bond between two elements has a electronegativity between 0.0<(change in electronegativity)<0.4?

-Covalent (Nonpolar, Electron bonding equal, Electron shared)

What type of bond between two elements has a electronegativity between 1.8<(change in electronegativity)<3.3?

-Ionic (Electron Transfer)

What type of bond between two elements has a electronegativity between 0.4<(change in electronegativity)<1.8

-Covalent (polar, electron bonding non equal, electron shared)

Atomic Elements

Elements where particles are single atoms

-Ex: Na, K, He, Fe

Molecular Elements

Elements whose particles are multi-atom molecules

-Ex: H2, N2, S8, P5

Molecular Compounds

Compounds whose particles made of only nonmetals

-Ex: H2O, HCl, NH3, H2SO4

Ionic Compounds

Compounds whose particles are cations and anions

-Ex: NaCl, MgO, K2S, FeCl3

Molecule

A group of two or more atoms held together in a definite arrangement by forces called covalent bonds

Group 1A loses/gains how many electrons? What is the Ionic Charge of Group 1A?

-Loses 1e

-Ionic Charge: 1+

Group 2A loses/gains how many electrons? What is the Ionic Charge of Group 2A?

-Loses 2e

-Ionic Charge: 2+

Group 3A loses/gains how many electrons? What is the Ionic Charge of Group 3A?

-Loses 3e

-Ionic Charge: 3+

Group 4A loses/gains how many electrons? What is the Ionic Charge of Group 4A?

-Loses none

-Ionic Charge: none

Group 5A loses/gains how many electrons? What is the Ionic Charge of Group 5A?

-Gains 3e

-Ionic Charge: 3-

Group 6A loses/gains how many electrons? What is the Ionic Charge of Group 6A?

-Gains 2e

-Ionic Charge: 2-

Group 7A loses/gains how many electrons? What is the Ionic Charge of Group 7A?

-Gains 1e

-Ionic Charge: 1-

Group 8A loses/gains how many electrons? What is the Ionic Charge of Group 8A?

-No change in electrons

-Ionic Charge: none

Oxidation Number

the charge an atom would have if the electrons in the bond were assigned to the more electronegative element

-also known as an apparent charge

When writing a chemical formula, what goes first, the cation or anion?

The cation THEN the anion

Hydrates

An ionic compound in which the formula unit includes a fixed number of water molecules associated with the cations and anions

-Ex: FeCl3 * 6H2O is named "iron (III) chloride hexahydrate"

Binary Acids

An aqueous solution of a compound formed by a hydrogen and a more electronegative nonmetal

-Ex: HCl (aq) is named "hydrochloric acid"

Tertiary Acids

An aqueous solution of a compound formed by hydrogen and polyatomic anion

If polyatomic anion ends in...

-ate, the acid will end in -ic acid

-ite, the acid will end in -ous acid