Pediatric Renal Function Tests, Diagnostics, and Management Strategies

What are the common blood tests used to evaluate renal function in children?

CBC, BUN, electrolytes, creatinine, total protein, and albumin.

What diagnostic test involves visualizing the bladder and urethra during voiding to check for vesicoureteral reflux?

Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG).

What common laboratory test checks for leukocyte esterase and nitrites to indicate infection?

Urinalysis.

Name two common substances that are significant causes of accidental poisoning leading to ARF in toddlers.

Acetaminophen and Lead.

What is the most common organism responsible for 80% of pediatric UTIs?

E. coli.

Why are females at a significantly higher risk for UTIs compared to males?

Because they have a shorter urethra.

What is the immediate priority management step after collecting urine samples for a suspected UTI?

Administer antibiotics immediately.

What is the common precursor infection for Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)?

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection (APIGN).

What are the classic clinical manifestations of AGN?

Hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, hypertension, and periorbital edema.

What daily measurements are crucial for a patient with AGN to monitor fluid balance?

Daily weights, strict Intake & Output (I/O), and abdominal girth.

What is the primary pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome?

An increase in the permeability of the glomerular membrane, allowing massive protein loss.

What are common medications used to manage fluid volume in Nephrotic Syndrome?

Diuretics (e.g., furosemide) and plasma expanders (e.g., albumin infusions).

What is a visible, hallmark sign of Nephrotic Syndrome in children?

Severe, generalized edema.

What is the most common cause of Acute Renal Failure (ARF) in the pediatric population?

Hypovolemia secondary to dehydration.

What is the principal feature or manifestation of ARF?

Oliguria.

Which medication is used in the management of hyperkalemia during ARF?

Calcium gluconate.

What early sign differentiates Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) progress from late-stage renal failure?

Polyuria (increased urination).

What are the dietary restrictions for a child with CRF?

Strict limitation of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium intake.

Why is recombinant human erythropoietin (Epoetin Alfa) administered in CRF?

To treat anemia resulting from decreased renal hormone production.

What are the three primary types of renal replacement therapy suitable for children?

Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Renal Transplant.