Respiration

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/259

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

260 Terms

1
New cards
2 types of respiration
Internal and external
2
New cards
Pulmonary capillaries
Surround the alveoli
3
New cards
How many sets of branches in the lungs?
24
4
New cards
What are the 2 zones of the lungs?
Conducting and respiratory
5
New cards
What is the function of the conducting zone of the lungs?
Way of transporting gases into the respiratory zone
6
New cards
What makes up the conducting zone?
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
7
New cards
What number branch is the bronchi?
11
8
New cards
What branch is the 0?
Trachea
9
New cards
What supports the bronchi?
Cartilage
10
New cards
What supports the bronchioles?
No cartilage
Rely on tissue around them and their elastic nature to keep them open
Much more subject to contraction
11
New cards
Why is it more efficient if we breathe through our nose?
Small hairs help filter and trap particles
As the air is moving through it creates a turbulent type condition - smaller particles are more likely to drop our or get trapped because of this
12
New cards
Why is it beneficial for air to warm to our body temperature?
Warming gas helps prevent the formation of bubbles
13
New cards
What can carry more gas warm or cold air?
Cold
14
New cards
What stops the lower airways from drying out?
As air passes through it becomes humidified and equilibrated with water vapour
15
New cards
What controls the contraction of bronchi?
Smooth muscle underneath the cartilage lining the outside of bronchi under the control of para/sympathetic innervation
16
New cards
Epithelia mucous gland
Secretes mucus onto surface of bronchi to help trap particles
17
New cards
Function of elastic tissue in the airways
Recoil and helps to support
18
New cards
Function of ciliated epithelium in the lumen of the airways?
Helps direct mucus out of the lungs towards the throat to move small particles out of the lungs
19
New cards
Goblet cells
Produce mucus
20
New cards
Function of sensory nerve endings between epithelial cells in bronchi and bronchioles
Help detect noxious chemicals in the airway e.g. smoke
21
New cards
Diameter of bronchioles
Less than 1mm
22
New cards
What keeps bronchioles open?
Tethering of tissue around them - elastic tissue connection helps keep them open
23
New cards
What breaks down in COPD?
The elastic tissue surrounding the bronchioles subjecting them to collapse
24
New cards
Why do the bronchioles have proportionally more smooth muscle cells compared to the bronchi?
Controlling the airway diameter is more important
25
New cards
How many alveoli?
300 million per lung
26
New cards
Surface area of alveoli?
100 m2
27
New cards
How many biological membrane does oxygen have to diffuse across?
5
28
New cards
Inspiration pressure gradients
Atmospheric pressre is greater than the pressure inside the alveoli so gas moves down the pressure gradient and into the lungs
29
New cards
Expiration pressure gradients
Pressure in alveoli is greater than atmospheric pressure so gas moves down the pressure gradient and out of the lungs
30
New cards
What is the primary muscle of inspiration?
Diaphragm
31
New cards
What muscles does quiet inspiration involve?
Primary
32
New cards
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
Contracts and moves down
33
New cards
ICE ECI
Internal contract expiration
External contract inspiration
34
New cards
Boyle's Law
P1V1\=P2V2
35
New cards
What muscles are involved in forced inspiration?
Secondary muscles
36
New cards
Scalene muscle function in forced inspiration?
Attach to top of rib cage - contraction helps move the rib cage up and forward
37
New cards
Function of sternocleidomastoids in forced inspiration?
Attach to the sternum - and helps to lift the sternum up and forwards
38
New cards
What is the function of neck and back muscles during forced inspiration?
Pull pelvic girdle up
39
New cards
Function of elastic tissue in quiet expiration?
Recoil of the elastic tissue returns the lungs to their original size
40
New cards
Function of abdominal muscles in forced expiration?
Pull diaphragm up
41
New cards
Pleura
Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung
42
New cards
Parietal pleura
Outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall
43
New cards
Visceral pleura
Inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue
44
New cards
Pleural cavity
Between parietal and visceral pleura
45
New cards
What is the pleural cavity filled with?
Serous fluid
46
New cards
Function of pleural cavity?
Allows lung and chest wall to move over each and prevent them from sticking together
Enables free expansion and collapse of lungs
Helps set resting lung volume
47
New cards
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung - air in the pleural cavity
Intrapleural space is at atmopsheric pressure and so force keeping lungs inflated is lost
Elastic nature will take over and lungs will collapse
48
New cards
Is the pressure in the intrapleural space greater or less than atmospheric pressure?
Less
49
New cards
Compliance
Measure of how distensible the lungs are - how elastic they are
50
New cards
Concentration \=
Change in volume/ change in pressure
51
New cards
As you inspire, what happens to intrapleural pressure?
Becomes more negative
52
New cards
Low compliance
Large pressure chaneg and small volume change - more work needed to expand the lungs
53
New cards
Pulmonary fibrosis
Build up of structural tissue in the lungs - more rigid so harder to expand
Lower compliance of the lungs
54
New cards
High compliance
Small pressure change induces a large volume change
55
New cards
What can high compliance lead to?
Problems when expiring
Emphysema/COPD
Lost some elastic properties as a result of breakdown of tissue
Airways can collapse
Harder to breathe out
56
New cards
What are the 2 components of elastic recoil in the lungs?
Anatomical and surface tension
57
New cards
Surface tension in the lungs
Air/water interface - water molecules tend to be pulled into the body of water
58
New cards
Laplace's equation
P\=2T/r
59
New cards
What produces surfactant?
Type 2 pneumocytes
60
New cards
Surfactant
Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing
61
New cards
What is surfactant composed of?
90% phospholipids and 10% proteins
62
New cards
How does surfactant prevent alveolar collapse?
Decreasing surface tension
Inncreasing compliance
63
New cards
How does surfacant affect rate of inflation?
SLows
64
New cards
Production of surfactant decreases and causes what?
Pneumonia
65
New cards
What happens to surfactant in pneumonia?
Production decreases
66
New cards
What does surfactant prevent?
Oedema
Reduces fluid entering alveoli
67
New cards
How are surface tensions balanced out between large and small alveoli?
Small alveoli have a higher density of surfactant compared to large
68
New cards
Dead space
Volume of lungs not involved in gas exchange
69
New cards
Anatomical dead space
Conducting zone volume - first 16 generations of airways
70
New cards
How much inspired air volume is dead space?
30%
71
New cards
At rest how many ml of air is in anatomical dead space?
150ml
72
New cards
Tidal volume
Amount of air we breathe in and out in one breath
73
New cards
Average tidal volume
500ml
74
New cards
Physiological dead space
Volume of lungs not participating in gas exchange
Conducting zone + non-functional areas of respiratory zone
Normally physiological dead space and anatomical dead space are almost identical
75
New cards
2 types of dead space in lungs
Anatomical and physiological
76
New cards
Vital capacity
Maximum amount of air we can breathe in and out
77
New cards
Residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
78
New cards
Total lung capacity
Residual volume + vital capacity
79
New cards
Forced expiratory volume
How much air can be forced out of the lungs in 1 second
80
New cards
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
81
New cards
Vital capacity \=
TV + IRV + ERV
82
New cards
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
83
New cards
Functional residual capacity
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
84
New cards
FRC \=
ERV + RV
85
New cards
Inspiratory capacity
Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
86
New cards
What happens to tidal volume during exercise?
Increases
87
New cards
What happens to IRV and ERV if tidal volume increases?
IRV and ERV must decrease
88
New cards
How to measure residual volume?
Helium dilution
Measure the helium concentration before and after
89
New cards
Relationship between flow of air and pressure gradient?
Flow of air is proportional to the pressure gradient
90
New cards
Relationship between flow of air and resistance?
Flow of air is inversely proportional to resistance
91
New cards
Poiseuille's Law
Airway resistance is proportional to gas viscosity and the length of the tube but is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the radius
92
New cards
Relationship between resistance and radius?
R \= 1/r^4
93
New cards
4 factors that impact on airway resistance
Airway diameter
Mucus secretion
Oedema
Airway collapse
94
New cards
How does mucus secretion affect airway resistance?
Increased mucus secretion will reduce airway diameter and increase resistance
95
New cards
How does oedema impact on airway resistance?
Increased fluid retention in lung tissue will cause swelling and narrowing of the airways increasing resistance
96
New cards
How does airway collapse impact on airway resistance?
Forced expiration - narrows airway - increased resistance
97
New cards
Parasympathetic control of the bronchial smooth muscle
ACh os released from the vagus nerve and acts on muscarinic receptors leading to constriction
98
New cards
Sympathetic control of the bronchial smooth muscle
Norepinephrine is released from nerves leading to dilation
99
New cards
How does epinephrine affect bronchial smooth muscle?
Leads to dilation
100
New cards
How does histamine affect bronchial smooth muscle?
Histamine is released during inflammatory processes and leads to constriction