Studied by 2 peopleWhat are the two kinds of muscle fibers?
slow and fast muscle fibers
The percentage of types of fibers depends on:
the muscle and person
True or False: training can turn one runner into another
False
another name for slow muscle fibers:
slow-twitch fibers
most marathon runners have ___% slow fibers
80
what are the slow muscle fibers abundant in?
mitochondria and myoglobin molecules
What kind of color do myoglobin molecules give slow muscle fibers?
a reddish color
slow muscle fibers perform best in what kind of exercises?
endurance exercises
fast muscle fibers perform best in what kind of exercises?
short, intense exercises
most sprinters have ___% fast fibers
60
slow muscle fibers use ___ respiration, while fast muscle fibers use ____ respiration
aerobic, anaerobic
fast fibers have less ____ and ____, but produce this:
mitochondria, myoglobin, lactate
catabolic pathways:
break down energy
respiration is the transferring of ___ from ____ to ____.
hydrogen, glucose, oxygen
net reaction of cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + Heat)
reactions involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another:
redox reactions
the loss of electrons:
oxidation
the addition of electrons:
reduction
what does OIL RIG stand for?
oxidation it loses
reduction it gains
ionic bonds involve the ____ transfer of electrons
complete
the electron donor is also known as the:
reducing agent
the electron acceptor is also known as the:
oxidizing agent
why are carbs and fats important fuels?
have lots of electrons and hudrogens
the three stages of cellular respiration are?
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain
this pathway is found in ALL organisms:
glycolysis
glycolysis is the breaking down of what molecule?
glucose
what gives glycolysis energy?
ATP
there are __ steps in glycolysis
10
what are the two phases of glycolysis?
the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase
how many ATP molecules are invested in glycolysis?
2
in the energy investment phase, glucose is broken down into:
2 three carbon G3P molecules
what does G3P stand for?
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
in the energy payoff phase, how many ATP molecules are produced?
4
in the energy payoff phase, the 2 G3P molecules are converted to what?
2 three carbon pyruvate molecules
energy investment phase equation:
glucose + 2ATP → 2G3P
energy payoff phase equation:
2G3P → 2 pyruvate, 2H2O, 2NADH, 4ATP
net reaction of glycolysis:
glucose → 2 pyruvate, 2H2O, 2NADH, 2ATP
how much of glucose’s energy does glycolysis release?
less than a quarter
glycolysis does not require this molecule, making it:
oxygen, anaerobic
mitochondria are organelles that:
carry out cellular respiration
mitochondrian are - __ long
1, 10, um
number one:
cristae (inner membrane)
number two:
outer membrane
number three:
intermembrane space
number four:
matrix (liquid part)
why does the inner membrane have so many folds?
increases surface area and ability to produce ATP
the mitochondrial matrix contains:
enzymes, DNA, ribsomes
the step between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is:
conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
when pyruvate loses a carbon, what is it release as?
CO2
after pyruvate loses a carbon, the remaining two combine with what to form acetyl CoA?
coenzyme A
acetyl CoA stands for:
acetyl coenzyme A
equation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA:
pyruvate, NAD+, coenzyme A → acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2
for each glucose molecule that entered glycolysis, these many acetyl CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle:
2
these enzymes remove two hydrogens from the substrate:
dehydrogenases
what do dehydrogenases give NAD+?
two electrons and a proton, the other proton is released as a hydrogen ion
the structure of NAD+ is 2 ___ joined together by their ____
nucleotides, phosphate group
other names for the citric acid cycle include:
the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the krebs cycle
where does the citric acid cycle take place in the mitochondria?
the matrix
the citric acid cycle has __ steps
8
in the citric acid cycle, the carbons from acetyl CoA bond to __ to form __
four carbon oxaloacetate, six carbon citrate
what is the role of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle?
helps the two carbons enter the cycle and is recycled
the citric acid cycle is called a cycle because oxaloacetate ___ to repeat the cycle.
regenerates
citric acid cycle equation (full equation with 2 puruvate)
2 pyruvate → 4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP
the citric acid cycle completes what?
the breakdown of glucose
the final stage of cellular respiration is:
oxidative phosphorylation
the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation are:
the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria?
the inner mitochondrial membrane
each electron transport chain has:
3 main multiprotein complexes and 2 mobile carrier proteins
what molecules carry the electrons extracted from food?
NADH and FADH2
in the electron transport chain, what atom takes the electrons at the end?
a highly electronegative oxygen atom
the production of ATP occurs from this:
energy released from diffusion of H+ ions from the intermembrane space to the matrix
the two functions of the electron transport chain include easing the fall of electrons from ___ to ___, and to release ___ ions into the ______
food, oxygen, H+, intermembrane space
chemiosmosis is an ____ mechanism
energy-coupling
chemiosmosis involves using the energy released by the ___ of __ ions used to fuel the __ of __ to create __
diffusion, H+, phosphorylation, ADP, ATP
oxidative phosphorylation makes around __ ATP
34
1 glucose molecule → __ ATP molecules
38
most electrons’ route throughout cellular respiration:
food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
efficiency of respiration is __%
40
the two different kinds of phosphorylation are:
substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
this kind of phosphorylation involves an enzyme DIRECTLY giving a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
substrate-level phosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation produces how many ATP molecules during cellular respiration?
6
this kind of phosphorylation involves an enzyme transferring an inorganic phosphate from the outside solution to ADP:
oxidative phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation creates how many ATP molecules during cellular respiration?
around 34
in aerobic conditions, the citric acid cycle occurs after glycolysis. in anaerobic conditions, what happens after glycolysis?
fermentation
Fermentation regulates the supply of this molecule in order to keep glycolysis going:
NAD+
the two kinds of fermentation are:
alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
in this kind of fermentation, pyruvate is converted into ethanol in two steps:
alcohol fermentation
the first step in alcohol fermentation involves the release of __, leading to the two carbon compound ____
CO2, acetaldehyde
in the second step of alcohol fermentation, acetaldehyde is reduced to what molecule?
ethanol
alcohol fermentation equation:
pyruvate + NADH → ethanol + CO2 + NAD+
examples of alcohol fermentation include:
bacteria, yeast, beer
in this kind of fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate:
lactic acid fermentation
there is ___ step in lactic acid fermentation:
1
during lactic acid fermentation, what happens to pyruvate?
it is reduced by NADH to become lactate
examples of lactic acid fermentation:
cheese, yogurt, strenuous exercise
these organisms require oxygen for respiration:
obligate aerobes
these organisms require oxygen-free conditions:
obligate anaerobes
these organisms can make energy with or without oxygen:
facultative anaerobes
carbohydrates are ___ into ___, which enters __
hydrolyzed, glucose, glycolysis
Proteins are ___ into amino acids to make their own proteins, but excess ____ are converted into _____ of __ or _____
hydrolyzed, amino acids, intermediates, glycolysis, citric acid cycle
Note
Flashcard