Biology - How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

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What are the two kinds of muscle fibers?

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slow and fast muscle fibers

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The percentage of types of fibers depends on:

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the muscle and person

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Biology

9th

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119 Terms

1
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What are the two kinds of muscle fibers?

slow and fast muscle fibers

2
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The percentage of types of fibers depends on:

the muscle and person

3
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True or False: training can turn one runner into another

False

4
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another name for slow muscle fibers:

slow-twitch fibers

5
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most marathon runners have ___% slow fibers

80

6
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what are the slow muscle fibers abundant in?

mitochondria and myoglobin molecules

7
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What kind of color do myoglobin molecules give slow muscle fibers?

a reddish color

8
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slow muscle fibers perform best in what kind of exercises?

endurance exercises

9
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fast muscle fibers perform best in what kind of exercises?

short, intense exercises

10
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most sprinters have ___% fast fibers

60

11
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slow muscle fibers use ___ respiration, while fast muscle fibers use ____ respiration

aerobic, anaerobic

12
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fast fibers have less ____ and ____, but produce this:

mitochondria, myoglobin, lactate

13
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catabolic pathways:

break down energy

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respiration is the transferring of ___ from ____ to ____.

hydrogen, glucose, oxygen

15
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net reaction of cellular respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + Heat)

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reactions involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another:

redox reactions

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the loss of electrons:

oxidation

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the addition of electrons:

reduction

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what does OIL RIG stand for?

oxidation it loses

reduction it gains

20
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ionic bonds involve the ____ transfer of electrons

complete

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the electron donor is also known as the:

reducing agent

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the electron acceptor is also known as the:

oxidizing agent

23
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why are carbs and fats important fuels?

have lots of electrons and hudrogens

24
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the three stages of cellular respiration are?

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain

25
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this pathway is found in ALL organisms:

glycolysis

26
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glycolysis is the breaking down of what molecule?

glucose

27
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what gives glycolysis energy?

ATP

28
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there are __ steps in glycolysis

10

29
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what are the two phases of glycolysis?

the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase

30
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how many ATP molecules are invested in glycolysis?

2

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in the energy investment phase, glucose is broken down into:

2 three carbon G3P molecules

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what does G3P stand for?

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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in the energy payoff phase, how many ATP molecules are produced?

4

34
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in the energy payoff phase, the 2 G3P molecules are converted to what?

2 three carbon pyruvate molecules

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energy investment phase equation:

glucose + 2ATP → 2G3P

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energy payoff phase equation:

2G3P → 2 pyruvate, 2H2O, 2NADH, 4ATP

37
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net reaction of glycolysis:

glucose → 2 pyruvate, 2H2O, 2NADH, 2ATP

38
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how much of glucose’s energy does glycolysis release?

less than a quarter

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glycolysis does not require this molecule, making it:

oxygen, anaerobic

40
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mitochondria are organelles that:

carry out cellular respiration

41
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mitochondrian are - __ long

1, 10, um

42
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<p>number one:</p>

number one:

cristae (inner membrane)

43
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<p>number two:</p>

number two:

outer membrane

44
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<p>number three:</p>

number three:

intermembrane space

45
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<p>number four:</p>

number four:

matrix (liquid part)

46
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why does the inner membrane have so many folds?

increases surface area and ability to produce ATP

47
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the mitochondrial matrix contains:

enzymes, DNA, ribsomes

48
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the step between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is:

conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

49
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when pyruvate loses a carbon, what is it release as?

CO2

50
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after pyruvate loses a carbon, the remaining two combine with what to form acetyl CoA?

coenzyme A

51
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acetyl CoA stands for:

acetyl coenzyme A

52
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equation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA:

pyruvate, NAD+, coenzyme A → acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2

53
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for each glucose molecule that entered glycolysis, these many acetyl CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle:

2

54
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these enzymes remove two hydrogens from the substrate:

dehydrogenases

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what do dehydrogenases give NAD+?

two electrons and a proton, the other proton is released as a hydrogen ion

56
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the structure of NAD+ is 2 ___ joined together by their ____

nucleotides, phosphate group

57
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other names for the citric acid cycle include:

the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the krebs cycle

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where does the citric acid cycle take place in the mitochondria?

the matrix

59
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the citric acid cycle has __ steps

8

60
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in the citric acid cycle, the carbons from acetyl CoA bond to __ to form __

four carbon oxaloacetate, six carbon citrate

61
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what is the role of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle?

helps the two carbons enter the cycle and is recycled

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the citric acid cycle is called a cycle because oxaloacetate ___ to repeat the cycle.

regenerates

63
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citric acid cycle equation (full equation with 2 puruvate)

2 pyruvate → 4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP

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the citric acid cycle completes what?

the breakdown of glucose

65
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the final stage of cellular respiration is:

oxidative phosphorylation

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the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation are:

the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria?

the inner mitochondrial membrane

68
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each electron transport chain has:

3 main multiprotein complexes and 2 mobile carrier proteins

69
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what molecules carry the electrons extracted from food?

NADH and FADH2

70
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in the electron transport chain, what atom takes the electrons at the end?

a highly electronegative oxygen atom

71
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the production of ATP occurs from this:

energy released from diffusion of H+ ions from the intermembrane space to the matrix

72
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the two functions of the electron transport chain include easing the fall of electrons from ___ to ___, and to release ___ ions into the ______

food, oxygen, H+, intermembrane space

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chemiosmosis is an ____ mechanism

energy-coupling

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chemiosmosis involves using the energy released by the ___ of __ ions used to fuel the __ of __ to create __

diffusion, H+, phosphorylation, ADP, ATP

75
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oxidative phosphorylation makes around __ ATP

34

76
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1 glucose molecule → __ ATP molecules

38

77
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most electrons’ route throughout cellular respiration:

food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

78
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efficiency of respiration is __%

40

79
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the two different kinds of phosphorylation are:

substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

80
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this kind of phosphorylation involves an enzyme DIRECTLY giving a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

substrate-level phosphorylation

81
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substrate-level phosphorylation produces how many ATP molecules during cellular respiration?

6

82
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this kind of phosphorylation involves an enzyme transferring an inorganic phosphate from the outside solution to ADP:

oxidative phosphorylation

83
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oxidative phosphorylation creates how many ATP molecules during cellular respiration?

around 34

84
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in aerobic conditions, the citric acid cycle occurs after glycolysis. in anaerobic conditions, what happens after glycolysis?

fermentation

85
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Fermentation regulates the supply of this molecule in order to keep glycolysis going:

NAD+

86
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the two kinds of fermentation are:

alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

87
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in this kind of fermentation, pyruvate is converted into ethanol in two steps:

alcohol fermentation

88
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the first step in alcohol fermentation involves the release of __, leading to the two carbon compound ____

CO2, acetaldehyde

89
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in the second step of alcohol fermentation, acetaldehyde is reduced to what molecule?

ethanol

90
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alcohol fermentation equation:

pyruvate + NADH → ethanol + CO2 + NAD+

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examples of alcohol fermentation include:

bacteria, yeast, beer

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in this kind of fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate:

lactic acid fermentation

93
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there is ___ step in lactic acid fermentation:

1

94
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during lactic acid fermentation, what happens to pyruvate?

it is reduced by NADH to become lactate

95
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examples of lactic acid fermentation:

cheese, yogurt, strenuous exercise

96
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these organisms require oxygen for respiration:

obligate aerobes

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these organisms require oxygen-free conditions:

obligate anaerobes

98
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these organisms can make energy with or without oxygen:

facultative anaerobes

99
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carbohydrates are ___ into ___, which enters __

hydrolyzed, glucose, glycolysis

100
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Proteins are ___ into amino acids to make their own proteins, but excess ____ are converted into _ of __ or _

hydrolyzed, amino acids, intermediates, glycolysis, citric acid cycle