In depth study guide

Signalment

name, age, breed, sex, production status, presenting for…

CBC

complete blood count

• WBC

• LYN

• MON

• NU

• EOS

• BAS 

RBC

• HCT

• PLT 

wbc

white blood cells 

lym 

lymphocytes 

mon

monocytes

NU

neutrophils

eos

eosinophils

bas 

basophils 

hct

hematocrit/pcv

plt

platelits

glu

glucose

• high = hyperglycemia

• may be high due to stress

alb 

albumin

• produced by liver

• protein in blood stream

alp

alkaline phosphate

alt 

if elevated can signal liver damage 

Amy

amylase

• if elevated can show signs of pancreatitis

bun 

blood urea nitrogen 

cre

creatinine

blood urea nitrogen and creatinine

look at both for kidney function

• if both are high means bad kidneys

• azotemia

TP

total protein

• if high animal may be dehydrated

• globulin and albumin

glob

globulins 

• proteins/immunoglobulins 

• high if infection is present 

specific gravity

“10-62” = 1.062

• high = more concentrated

• low = dilute

• dysfunction kidneys = lose inability to concentrate urine

  • more dilute

protein

should be negative because don’t want to lose protein in urine

clip around horn buds

done to avoid risk of fire and allows us to visualize horn buds

corneal nerve

nerve that supplies sensation to horn bud

• the nerve that will be blocked for dehorning procedure 

• find divot adjacent to lateral cantos 

• administer 5mL of 2% lidocaine to each side 

  • aspirate to ensure you are not in blood vessel

• inject PERPENDICULAR angle

meloxicam

used as an anti-inflammatory drug

• NSAID

• analgesic

3 tablets/100 lbs

3 seconds 

the amount of time the hot iron was held to horn bud 

• this time allows us to avoid thermal injury to skull or brain while also allowing us 360 degree separation 

aluminum spray

protective barrier to prevent infection

cartron IV fly spray

must be sprayed over poll NOT directly on dehorned site

AAEP grade 1

inconsistently lame under special circumstances

AAEP grade 2 

consistent lame under special circumstances 

AAEP grade 3

lameness at trot

AAEP grade 4

lameness at walk

AAEP grade 5

non-weight bearing

palmar digital nerve block 

desensitizing caudal/palmar 1/3 to 2/3 of foot

• 2ml lidocaine both medial and lateral 

• tells us % improvement of lameness 

abaxial nerve block

done after the palmar digital nerve block

• desensitize entire foot/part of pastern

sound limb

head will go down

affected limb

head will go up

streptococcus equi subspecies equi 

bacteria that causes strangles 

gram positive

streptococcus bacteria strain

strangles clinical signs

• fever

• enlarged lymph nodes

  • mainly in head/throat latch region

  • may rupture

  • dyspnea (difficulty breathing)

• lethargy

potassium penicillin 

infused into guttural pouch of horse that has strangles 

• targets the gram positive bacteria 

strangles vaccine

NON-CORE / risk based

• modified live vaccine

• intranasal = administer last

  • air particles settle onto skin causing IM abscess

• can cause inappropriate immune response if horse has a high antibody titer level then receives vaccine

purpura hemorrhagica

inflammation of blood vessels

• inappropriate immune response

horse heart rate

28-44 bpm

horse temp 

99.0 - 101.0 

horse respiratory rate

10 - 24 bpm

pneumorectum

rectal gas bubble making it appear horse has hypothermic temp

horse PCV

30-35%

low pcv 

anemia 

high pcv

• dehydration

• splenic contraction due to stress

horse total protein

6.0 g/dl - 8.0 g/dl

• albumin and globulins

low TP

• loss/use of antibodies

• starvation

• failure to transfer passive immunity

• liver failure

• kidney disease

• GI bleed

• inflammatory bowel disease

high TP 

• infection or illness 

• dehydration 

neutrophil

eosinophil

basophil

monocyte

lymphocyte

bovine lymphoma

masses found on:

• right atrium

• in uterus

• in abomasum

• in lymph nodes

• on spinal cords/behind eye

bovine leukemia virus

often the cause of bovine lymphoma

• often caused by unsanitary needle handling

• reusing needles between cows and spreading the disease

necropsy presentation

• presented on health index for low rumination and activity

• sheet white mucus membranes

• FAMACHA score 5

• tachycardia (HR 108 bpm)

• melina → black tarry stool

• did not scootch on dorsal whither pinch

• PCV of 13%

30%

normal bovine PCV

bovine heart rate

50-80 bpm

left lateral recumbency

the position we place deceased cow when performing necropsy

1. the rumen is not obstructing other internal organs

2. the right cranioventral lung field can be easily visualized

abomasum

true acid stomach

melina

black and tarry stool

• often attributed to proximal GI bleed

dorsal aspect

where the marker is placed for a lateral medial view

lateral aspect

where the marker is placed for a dorsal palmar view

dorsal palmar view

dorsal palmar

lateral medial view

lateral medial

navicular skyline view

navicular skyline

flexion test

test helps to distinguish between upper from lower limb pain

• non-specific

• should not be used as a primary tool to localize lameness

diagnostic nerve block

main too used to localize the lameness to a specific anatomical region

• perineurial local anesthetic blocks performed initially to determine general anatomical region of the discomfort

• itrasynovial nerve blocks performed after to pinpoint area of pain

• begin distally on limb then progress proximally with additional blocks in systematic manner

x-ray generator

the machine used to omit x-rays

kVPs

determines the energy with which the x-rays are produced and encounter the tissue

• determines CONTRAST on radiograph

mAs

determines the number of electrons generated from the cathode

• determines the DENSITY

x-ray plate

digital detector that records the x-ray images. placed behind the area being imaged to capture the radiation passing through horses body

exposure switch

the button you push to take an x-ray

collimator

direct and narrow or enlarge the beam

penicillin MOA

interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis

• part of a group called beta lactase

physical exam case

“momo is a 5-yr-old MN DSH cat presenting for routine BW, UA, and NT” premedicated with gabapentin

medial saphenous vein

cat blood draw

butorphanol

• tranquilizer + analgesic

• controlled substance (opioid)

controlled substance

requires strict logs:

• patient name

• client information

• schedule

• drug name

• drug strength

• bottle number

• amount

• explanation

detomidine

alpha 2 agonist

• sedative, analgesic

• type of tranquilizer

alpha 2 agonist

type of tranquilizer

• stimulate ____ receptors in CNS leading to reduced sympathetic nervous system activity causing drop in heart rate and blood pressure