Anatomy and Physiology Final Review

Monocytes are involved with_____

Monocytes are involved with_____

Being soldiers, “pacman”

epiglottis

seperates respiratory tract from digestive tract

distal

distance

proximal

proximity

medial

toward the middle of something

lateral

to or on the side of something else

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front

posterior

back

Frontal plane divides the body into

Anterior and posterior

Transverse divides the body into

Superior and inferior

Sagittal divides the body into

Lateral and medial

Dorsal

Cranial and vertebral

Ventral

Abdominopelvic, Thoracic

Cranial

Brain

Thoracic

Heart,lungs, nerves,tissues

Stomach, intestines,spleen,kidney,etc

Abdominal

Pelvic

Bladder,rectum

Pleural

Just lungs

Pericardial

Just your heart

Epithelial tissue based on

Shape, thickness

Which tissue?

Simple Squamos (Alveoli in lungs)

Which tissue?

Simple Cuboidal (Kidneys)

Which tissue?

Simple Columnar (Digestive Tract)

If you can draw a line through the nuclei, the tissue is _______ columnar

Simple

Which tissue?

Transitional tissue (Bladder)

Transitional tissue lines the bladder because it ____

Stretches

Which tissue?

Pseudostratified Columnar (Bronchii)

What do all connective tissues have in common?

Matrix

Which tissue?

Bone

Which tissue?

Blood

Which tissue?

Adipose

Which tissue?

Areolar

Erythocytes (RBC) carry____

Oxygen

Neutrophils are involved with _____

Bacteria

Eosynophils are involved with ____

Parasites

Basophils are involved with___

Histomine

Lymphocytes are involved with ____

Immunity

Layers of epidermis

Corneum, granular, spiny, basal

In the corneum layer of the epidermis are _____ cells

Dead

In the granular layer of the epidermis are ____

Granuals

In the basal layer of the epidermis are _____ and _____ (the 2 M’s)

Melanocytes and mitosis

What is found in the Dermis?

Organs of skin: blood vessels, hair, glands

What is keratin?

Protective protein of skin in all layers of epidermis

First degree burn

Red, pain

Second degree burn

More red, pain, swelling

Third degree burn

Black, waxy white, no pain because of numbness (damaged nerve endings)

Rule of 9’s for ___ (burns is the answer)

Burns

ABCD Rules for moles/skin cancer

Asymetry

Border

Color

Diameter

Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts

Bone builders and Bone Breakers

What is the epiphyseal line?

Growth plate

How does the epiphyseal line change as we age?

Ossify (turns into bone)

Male pelvis

Taller, narrow

Female pelvis

Wider, broader

Complete fractures __ (do/don’t) go through the entire bone

Do

_____ fractures are when the bone is out of alignment with it’s other part/half.

Displaced

Compound fractures go through the ____, while simple do not.

Skin

In the _____ (male/female) pelvis, the tail bone cannot curve in because of the potential of a baby coming out when pregnant.

Female

Bending limb/decreasing its angle

Flexion

Straightening limb/increasing its angle

Extension

What is the function of cartilage in the skeletal system?

Cushioning to prevent breaking down of bones (arthritis)

Hold your arm up to the side

Abducting

Bring arm back down to rest next to your torso

Adducting

When you lift your shoulders

Elevation

Hinge joint

Elbow and knee

Ball and socket joint

Shoulder & Hip

Saddle joint

Thumb

Pivot joint

Radius / ulna, skull

Condyloid joint

1st knuckle, wrist

Fibrous/suture (not moveable) joint

Skull

Function of bursa

Extra pillow

Tendon

Muscle to bone

Ligament

Bone to bone

What causes osteoarthritis?

Breaking down of cartilage

The quadriceps (anterior) are antagonists to the _____ (posterior)

Hamstrings

Your triceps are antagonists to

Biceps

When a muscle shortens what happens to the filaments at the sarcomere level?

Overlap to a greater degree

Sitrated muscles

Skeletal and cardiac

Involuntary muscle

Cardiac and smooth

Why is calcium so important? (What does it do?)

Removes blocking action on thin filament

Cerebral Hemisphere

Intellectual and emotional processing

Brain stem

Extension of spinal cord, basic vital function

The brainstem is in common with all ____

Animals

Cerebullum (Ballarina)

Proper balance and smooth coordinated muscle movements

As the diaphragm goes up, air goes ___

Out

As the diaphragm goes down, air goes ___

In

The diaphragm is ______ when it is up

Relaxed

The diaphragm is _____ when it is down

Contracted

Gas exchange (02 and C02) happen in the ______ in the lungs

Alveoli

When the diaphragm contracts, pressure in the lungs ____, and volume in the lungs ____

Decreases, increases

When the diaphragm relaxes, pressure in the lungs ______ and volume in the lungs _______

Increases, decreases

Flexion + extension happen on the ____ plane

Sagittal

Adduction + abduction happen on the _____ plane

Frontal

Dendrites ___ information, while axon [terminals] _____ information

Receive, send

The “gaps” between the myelin sheath (__________) are called _________

Schwann cells, Nodes of Ranvier

6 parts of a reflex arc

1. Stimulus

2. Receptor (like the eyes)

3. Sensory neuron

4. Integration (CNS)

5. Motor Neuron

6. Effector organ (usually a muscle)

DEpolarization- Sodium gates open, sodium ____, Action potential skyrockets to + 30

IN

REpolarization- Sodium gates closed, Potassium gates __, potassium _, action potential plumits to -70

Open, OUT

Hyperpolarization- Potassium gates remain ______, action potential drops to -90

Open