UPCAT Science 4 Biology

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195 Terms

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Classification of Life
domain -\> kingdom -\> phylum -\> class -\> order -\> family -\> genus -\> species
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Organization of Life
biosphere -\> biome -\> ecosystem -\> community -\> population -\> organism -\> organ system -\> organ -\> tissue -\> cell
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Carbohydrates
sugars and polymers of sugars, composed of a carbonyl (C\=O) and hydroxide group (-OH)
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Monosaccharide
single carbon skeleton
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Monosaccharide
glucose, galactose, fructose
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Disaccharide
two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond
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Disaccharide
maltose [glucose + glucose], sucrose [glucose + fructose]
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Polysaccharide
several linked monosaccharides
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Polysaccharide
starch, glycogen, cellulose
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Lipids
hydrophobic nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules
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Fats
consist of a glycerol connected to a fatty acid through an easier linkage
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Unsaturated Fat
contains a cis-double bond in the fatty acid, liquid at room temperature
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Saturated Fat
no fatty acid double bonds, solid at room temperature
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Trans Fat
contains a trans-double bond in the fatty acid
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Phospholipids
lipids with a phosphate group attached to the glycerol, has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end, compose the cell membrane
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Steroids
carbon skeleton is composed of four fused rings (e.g., cholesterol)
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Proteins
consist of one or more chains of amino acids
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Amino Acid
consists of an amino group and carboxyl group; there are 20 kinds of these
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Nucleic Acids
polymers of nucleotides (e.g., DNA and RNA)
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Nucleotide
contains a nitrogenous base (purines or pyrimidines), five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
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Purines
cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U)
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Pyrimidines
adenine (A), guanine (G)
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Nucleus
control center; houses genetic material
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Ribosome
free-floating or attached; site of protein synthesis
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizer of membranes and proteins; has attached ribosomes
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Golgi apparatus
modifier, sorter, and shipper of materials throughout the cell
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Lysosome
digests celular materials
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Vacuoles
storage sac for water and nutrients
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Mitochondrion
site of cellular respiration
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Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis
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Peroxisome
producer of hydrogen peroxide and other enzymes involved in metabolic reactions
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Cytoplasms
gel-like substance that fills the cell; site of most biochemical reactions
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Plasmodesmata
pores between cell walls that allow intercellular communication
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Cell membrane
semi-permeable layer that surrounds the cytoplasm
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Cell wall
surrounds and protects the cell membrane
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Lysosome
absent in plant cell but present in animal cell
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Centrosome with centriole
absent in plant cell but present in animal cell
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Chloroplast
present in plant cell but absent in animal cell
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Vacuole
present (central and relatively larger) in plant cell and also present in animal cell
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Cell wall
present in plant cell but absent in animal cell
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Plasmodesmata
present in plant cell but absent in animal cell
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Passive transport
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is not required
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Diffusion
movement of substances from a higher to a lower concentration
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Osmosis
movement of water towards the side of the membrane with a higher solute concentration
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Hypotonic
a solution relative to the cell can be this, lower solute concentration
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Hypertonic
a solution relative to the cell can be this, higher solute concentration,
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Isotonic
same solute concentration
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Active transport
use of ATP to deliver nutrients opposite a concentration gradient
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Exocytosis
vesicles attach to the cell membrane and release their contents
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Endocytosis
molecules enter the cell through phagocytosis (cell eating) or pinocytosis (cell drinking)
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Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 --light chlorophyll--\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

carbon dioxide + water --light chlorophyll--\> glucose + oxygen
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Light Reactions
1. photons from light enter a photosystem which excites a single electron
2. water is split into electrons. H+ , and O2; the O2 is released as a by-product and the H+ is released into the thylakoid for future use
3. the excited electrons pass the energy along an electron transport chain, producing ATP in process
4. NADP+ is the final electron acceptor and is converted into NADPH
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Calvin Cycle
1. carbon fixation and reduction of RuBP by CO2 converts it into G3P, which can be further processed into glucose
2. the fixed and reduced RuBP is then converted back to be ready for the next cycle; the whole cycle consumes ATP and NADPH
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Carbon fixation
phase one of calvin cycle
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Reduction
phase two of calvin cycle
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Regeneration of RuBP
phase three of calvin cycle
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Glycolysis
breakdown of glucose and investment of 2 ATP to produce pyruvate, 4 ATP, and NADH
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Pyruvate Oxidation
pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA, producing CO2 and transforming NADH into NAD+ in the process
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Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle
1. acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate, which undergoes another series of reactions, reducing NAD+ into NADH, FAD+ into FADH2, ADP into ATP, and producing CO2; 2 ATM is produced per molecule of glucose
2. oxaloacetate is converted back to original form to be used in the next cycle
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Oxidative Phosphorylation/Electro Transport Chain (ETC)
electrons are transported from NADH and passed on until it reaches O2, converting it into water
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Chemiosmosis
ETC / H+ ions travel through ATP synthase, allowing it to synthesize ADP into ATP; 32 to 34 ATP is produced
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Fermentation
occurs when there is no O2 present after glycolysis
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Alcohol fermentation
pyruvate is converted into ethanol
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Lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is converted into lactate
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Glycolysis
takes place in the cytoplasm, no oxygen needed, 2 net ATP is produced
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Citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, oxygen is needed, 2 net ATP is produced
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Electron transport chain (ETC)
occurs in the mitochondria, oxygen is needed, 32-34 net atp is produced
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occurs in the cytoplasm, no oxygen needed, 2 net atp is produced
Alcohol fermentation
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Lactic acid fermentation
occurs in the cytoplasm, no oxugen needed, 2 net atp is produced
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occurs in the cytoplasm, no oxygen needed, 2 net atp is produced
Lactic acid fermentation
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G1, G2-phase
cell growth and metabolism phase
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S-phase
DNA synthesis phase that occurs between G1 and G2, duplication of chromosomes occurs
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Mitotic Phase (M)
consists of prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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Prophase
nucleolus disappears, mitotic spindle forms, duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatids, centrosomes move in opposite directions
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Prometaphase
nuclear envelope disappears, chromosomes become condensed, sister chromatids captured by kinetochore microtubules, mitotic spindle attaches to kinetochore
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Metaphase
centrosomes now at opposite sides of cell and chromosomes align at metaphase plate
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Anaphase
sister chromatids break apart from each other, shortening of microtubules pulls chromatids toward opposite ends, cell elongates
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Telophase
start of cytokinesis (C) and formation of cleavage furrow, nuclear envelopes and nucleolus form, chromosomes become less condensed
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Centrosome
contains material that function in organizing mitotic spindles
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Centromere
attachment point of two sister chromatids
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Kinetochore
site of attachment of mitotic spindle to chromosomes
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Meiosis
haploid and diploid
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Haploid
N number of chromosomes
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Diploid
2N number of chromosomes
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Humans
N\=23
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Meiosis I
similar to mitosis, produces 2 diploid daughter cells
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Meiosis II
occurs right after meiosis I, produces 2 haploid daughter cells each (for parent cell, meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells)
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Meiosis
has synapsis during prophase I
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Meiosis
metaphase I aligns two chromatids at a time, compared to one for mitosis
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Meiosis
produces 4 haploid daughter cells with different genetic material
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Mitosis
produces 2 diploid daughter cells with same genetic material
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Digestive System
food processing involves ingestion (eating), digestion (breakdown), absorption (uptake of nutrients), and elimination (passage out of the body)
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Mouth/Oral Cavity
site of ingestion and mechanical digestion
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Esophagus
moves bolus (mechanically ingested food) from mouth to stomach
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Stomach
digests proteins and adds gastric juice, producing chyme
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Small Intestine
site of most of enzymatic hydrolysis
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Pancreas
produces an alkaline solution to stabilize acidic chyme
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Liver
creates bile that aids in digestion of lipids
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Gallbladder
stores bile