Urinary system disease focus

End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

kidney failure; usually cause by diabetes; patient requires kidney transplant or dialysis

Nephrolithiasis

Kidney stones; caused by solidification of dissolved urine; patient requires ESWL (extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy); ureteroscopic stone removal

Acute Tubular Necrosis ATN

Tubular portion of the nephron is injured by ingestion of toxic drugs (nephrotoxic injury) or decrease oxygen supply (ischemia)

Effects of Acute Tubular Necrosis ATN

Oliguria; nausea; vomiting and hypercalcemia

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of glomerular membrane in a nephron; membranes become leaky or permeable

Glomulonephritis can cause…

Proteinuria; hematuria; bacteria and hypertension

Cystography

Radiological imaging of the bladder using a contrast medium

Urethrography

Radiological imaging of the urethra

Electromyography EMG

Procedure that measures the contraction (electricity) of muscles that control urination

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Radiological imaging of the urinary tract after intravenous injection of a contrast medium

Culture and Sensitivity (c&s)

Test to determine causative organism of an infection

Urinalysis (UA)

Test to screen urine (physical exam, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluations)

Urinalysis (UA) is used to screen for bacterial….

Infections in the urinary tract called UTI’s

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Kidney Function Test

Kidney transplant

Replacement of a diseased kidney by a donor

Ureteral stent placement

Placement of a long thin tube into the ureter to allow passage of urine due to kidney stone blockage

Risk of a Ureteral stent placement

Indwelling stents require constant monitoring and changing to prevent infections

Cystopexy

Fixation of the bladder

Nephropexy

Fixation of a floating kidney

Cystectomy

Excision (surgical removal) of the bladder

Meatotomy

Incision that enlarges the urethral opening

Nephrostomy

Procedure in which an opening is made in the kidney and a tube is inserted between it and the skin, allowing an external bag to hold urine

Hydronephrosis

If the ureters are unable to drain urine, urine backflows and accumulates and causes abnormal dilation in the renal pelvis

Not enough (scanty) output of urine

Oliguria

Anuria

Without urine

ESWL

The most common procedure associated with the removal of kidney stones is

Polycystic kidney

Disease in which many sacs of fluid develop in the kidney

Wilms tumor

Malignant tumor of the kidney is often present in children

Hematuria

Blood in the urine

Pyuria

Pus in the urine

Polyuria

Excessive urination

Proteinuria

Large amounts of protein in the urine

Ketonuria

Large amounts of ketones in the urine

Dysuria

Painful urination

Anuria

Failure of kidneys to produce urine

Enuresis

Not able to control urination (involuntary dishcharge)

Incontinene

Not able to control urination (involuntary discharge)

Uremia

Large amounts of urea in the blood

Hypokalemia

Not enough potassium in the blood

Azotemia

Excess amounts of nitrogenous compounds (urea, creatine, and uric acid)

Ketonemia

Excess amounts of ketones in the blood

Hypercalcemia

Increased calcium in the blood

ESWL

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy