Ch 8

GNI (Gross National Income per capita)

GNI (Gross National Income per capita)

• Value of a country’s total annual income expressed in USD divided by the population to indicate the average income of the country’s citizens. It is used to Classify Class of country

Who decides the category a country is in?

World Bank

GNI of Each Class

High - US$12,376 or above

Middle - between US$1,206 and US$12,375

Low - US$1,205 or below

2 Characteristics for High Income Countries

• Access to Healthcare

• Low Population Growth

2 Characteristics for Middle Income Countries

• Increasing Industry

• Increasing Education Levels

2 Characteristics for Low Income Countries

• Poor Access to Healthcare

• High Population Growth

2 Social Characteristics (SEE)

• Education Levels

• Employment

2 Economic Characteristics

• Income

• Trade Opportunities

2 Environmental Characteristics

• Energy Use

• Agricultural Productivity

Non-Communicable Disease

Disease typically caused by unhealthy behaviours and don’t spread from person to person.

Examples of Non-Communicable Disease

• Cancer

• CVD

• Chronic Respiratory Disease → COPD, asthma etc

• Diabetes

Communicable Disease

Disease that can spread from person to person

Examples of Communicable Disease

• HIV → retrovirus that attacks the immune system, potentially leading to AIDS

• AIDS → late stage of HIV

Just know these in general:

• Influenza → flu

• Tuberculosis → Bacterial disease that infects lungs

• Septicaemia → harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the bloodstream trigger a widespread inflammatory response that can harm organs and tissues throughout the body.

• Hepatitis → inflammation in the liver (caused by cancer)

• Smallpox → symptoms of fever etc

• Polio → affects nervous system that can lead to paralysis

• Whooping Cough → severe coughing

• Syphilis → an STI

• Measles → virus that causes fever

• NTD’s (neglected tropical disease) → mainly prevalent in tropical areas

• Pneumonia → lung infection

• Malaria → carried by mosquitoes

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Double Burden of Disease

Characterised by the coexistence of communicable and non-communicable diseases within the country

(Only Low/Middle Income countries struggle with this)

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Total value of goods produced and services provided in one year.

Low Birthweight

Weight of a baby at birth that is less than 2500g

Extreme Poverty

$1.90 USD or less per day

Social Sustainability

Refers to improving the wellbeing of people by creating an equitable society in which the needs of all citizens are met

2 Examples of Social Sustainability

• Investing in Education

• High Employment

How does Social Sustainability promote HWB?

(Investing in Education + High Employment)

If women and girls have equal access to education and employment, they will have greater participation and involvement in their community, improving Social HWB

Economic Sustainability

Ensuring that incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living

2 Examples of Economic Sustainability

• Increasing Incomes

• Increasing Trade Opportunities

How does Economic Sustainability promote HWB?

(Increasing income)

If governments promote economic growth and ensure that everyone has a decent income, people can afford better food and health care, improving Physical HWB

Environmental Sustainability

Refers to ensuring that the natural environment is utilised in a way that will preserve resources for the future. This allows these resources to replenish for present and future generations.

2 Examples of Environmental Sustainability

• Reducing Emissions

• Responsible Agricultural Productivity

How does Environmental Sustainability promote HWB?

(Responsible Agricultural Productivity)

Using sustainable farming practices will ensure adequate food for families. This will reduce hunger as well as stress levels improving Mental HWB

Human Development

Human development is creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive and creative lives in accordance with their needs and interest. Human Development is about expanding people's choices and capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living where people can participate in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

3 Characteristics of the UN’s definitions of Human Development

• HD is about expanding people’s choices

• It allows people to develop to their full potential

• It allows people to lead productive + creative lives in accordance w/ their needs & interests

For Linking Human Development to Healthcare

Be specific in what for health care

Eg:

Access to healthcare in the form of immunisation allows people to be free from illness and disease that can be life-threatening. (1mark) Freedom from illness and disease allows greater opportunities to gain an education and employment, which increases people's choices to be creative and productive. (2nd mark)

Human Development Index

Tool developed by the United Nations to measure & rank a country’s level of social and economic development

3 Broad Dimensions of Human Development

• A long and healthy life

• Knowledge

• A decent standard of living

4 Indicators that measure HDI

• Life Expectancy at Birth

• Mean Years of Schooling

• Expected Years of Schooling

• GNI per capita

What are the 3 Broad Dimensions measured by

• A long and healthy life → Life Expectancy Index

• Knowledge → Education Index (Mean + Expected Years of Schooling)

• A decent standard of living → GNI Index

Mean Years of Schooling

Average number of years of education received by people aged 25 or older

Expected Years of Schooling

The number of years of schooling expected for a child of school entry age (expected to receive)

2 Advantages of the Human Development Index

• It provides a single statistic, making comparisons between countries easier

• It is useful for measuring progress made by countries overtime

2 Disadvantages of the Human Development Index

• Comparisons between countries may be inaccurate because of the different definitions and methods used in measuring key components of the HDI

• Comparisons within countries is often difficult as data are often only collected at a national level

How does HIV Impact HW/Health Status

HIV attacks the immune system, weakening the body's ability to fight infections and diseases and therefore impacting the functioning of the body, reducing Physical HWB.