Anaphy Lec (Muscle Tissue & Nervous Tissue))

Muscle Tissue

Closely arranged cells with little intercellular material.

Proteins in cells enable contraction to occur which results in movement.

Skeletal Muscle

Attached to bones

The primary tissue of the muscular system.

Tendons attach skeletal muscle tissue to bones; tendons are bands of dense regular connective tissue.

Located deep under the skin layer.

Contracts under voluntary control.

Functions to produce body movement.

Appears striated (with alternated dark and light bands).

Smooth Muscle

Also known as visceral.

Forms part of the walls of blood vessels and visceral organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and uterus.

Contract to propel substances through its tubes and chambers.

The contractions are involuntary.

Does not appear to be striated (no light and dark bands).

Cardiac Muscle

Also known as Myocardium.

Found in the walls of the heart.

Has coordinated contractions that push blood out of the heart and through the body.

Contractions are involuntary.

Cells DO CONTAIN STRIATIONS.

Intercalated disks-The name given to the thickened plasma membrane between cardiac cells that help to conduct electrical impulses.

Nervous Tissue

Sends and carries electrochemical signals through the body.

Has well-developed properties of conductivity and excitability.

2 Types of Cells

Neurons

Neuroglia

Neurons

highly specialized cells that conduct electrochemical signals very rapidly.

Neuroglia

maintain and support the neurons; numerous in brain & spinal cord.

Membranes

A simple combination of tissues that include connective tissues and, in most cases, epithelial tissue to form a thin sheeting; the simplest combination of tissues to form a functional unit.


Also may contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

Structurally divides areas of the body or organs.

Lines the internal surfaces of hollow organs and body cavities.

Anchors organs to other structures.

Provides and support and protection for body structures that transport substances throughout the body.

Epithelial Membrane

Contains both connective and epithelial tissue.

• Mucous

• Serous

• Cutaneous

Synovial Membrane

Contains only connective tissue; no epithelial tissue. 
Found in the joints of the knee, elbow, and shoulder.

Secretes synovial fluid that lubricates opposing bones of the joint as they move.

Nourishes cartilage at the ends of bones with oxygen and nutrients.

Mucous Membranes

Lines organs of the reproductive tract.

Secretes mucous to trap foreign particles, maintains a moist internal environment, and protect cells from harmful liquids such as acid and urine.

Serous Membranes

Line body cavities and cover certain organs.

Lines internal surfaces of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and organs within these cavities.

Secretes clear, watery fluid that helps with lubrication.

EX. Pericardium (surrounds the heart), the 2 pleurae (surround each lung), and the peritoneum (lines the abdominal cavity and organs located there).

Cutaneous Membrane

Constitutes the skin.

Primary organ of the integumentary system.

Tumor (neoplasm)

An overgrowth of cells that form a tissue that has no useful purpose to the body.

Tumors are harmful when they replace healthy and compete with surrounding tissue for nutrients, oxygen, etc.

Tumors are caused by mutations in the DNA of a cell. Most mutations are caused by exposure to environmental agents, called carcinogens.

Some mutations can be caused by a virus.

2 major types of tumors

• Benign

• Malignant

Benign

Tumors-grow slowly and remain localized.

Malignant

Tumors-grow rapidly and infiltrate into surrounding tissues, often spreading (metastasis) into lymphatic and blood vessels that can transport them to distant sites in the body.

Types of Malignant Tumors

Carcinomas

Sarcomas

Leukemias

Carcinomas

Arise from epithelial tissue (EX. Breast and lung cancer)

Sarcomas

Arise from connective tissue; rapidly spreading (EX. Bone cancer)

Leukemias

Arise from blood-forming tissues; blood cells cannot perform normal functions.

Inflammation

Membranes are often the first structure to be affected by an infectious agent, and may serve as pathways for the spread of disease, since they are widespread, interconnected, and vascular.

The usual response to an infection is