apush period 4

Federalists

Alexander Hamilton. Pro-British. Strong federal government. Loose interpretation of the Constitution. Upper class, merchants, bankers, industrialists.

Democratic-Republicans

Jeffersonians. Thomas Jefferson. Pro-French. States’ rights. Strict interpretation of the Constitution. Lower/middle classes, farmers. Agrarian society.

Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

Adams vs. Jefferson; fears of power shifts; Jefferson wins, shifting power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans; “elite to common people.”

Era of Good Feeling

1817–1823. Federalist Party disappeared; one-party rule under Democratic-Republicans.

Democrats

Andrew Jackson. “Common man.” Against BUS and elite institutions.

Whig Party

Henry Clay. Anti-Jackson. Strong federal government. Supported internal improvements and BUS.

Midnight Judges

16 judges appointed by John Adams (1801) to preserve Federalist influence.

John Marshall

Chief Justice; Federalist; strengthened the Supreme Court; established judicial review; major cases include McCulloch, Cohens, Gibbons, Fletcher, Dartmouth, Barron.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Marbury sued for commission; Marshall ruled Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional; established judicial review.

Judicial Review

Supreme Court power to determine constitutionality; strengthened federal judiciary.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

States cannot tax federal institutions; BUS constitutional; federal supremacy.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Congress controls interstate commerce.

Market Economy

Prices set by supply and demand, not government; idea from Adam Smith.

Albert Gallatin

Jefferson’s Treasury Secretary; reduced national debt and balanced the budget.

Embargo Act (1807)

Jefferson banned all U.S. exports; intended to pressure Britain/France but hurt U.S. economy; helped cause War of 1812.

Panic of 1819

Caused by Second BUS tightening credit; divided East vs. West interests.

Panic of 1837

Crop failures, European issues, Specie Circular; ruined Van Buren’s presidency.

Tariff & Internal Improvements Debates

Federalists supported tariffs and improvements; Democrats opposed; sectional divide.

Southern Defense of Slavery

Justified slavery using polygenesis, economics, religion, history, legality, and “humanitarianism.”

Slave Code

Laws restricting rights of enslaved people; race determined legal status.

Calhoun’s Speech (1837)

Called slavery a “positive good.”

Second Great Awakening

Religious revivals; increased reform movements including temperance, abolition, and prison reform.

Charles G. Finney

Influential revival preacher; created “anxious bench”; anti-slavery and anti-alcohol.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women’s rights convention; issued Declaration of Sentiments.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women’s rights leader; co-wrote Declaration of Sentiments.

Frances (Franny) Wright

Radical reformer; fought for education, women’s rights, and against capitalism.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer for humane treatment of the mentally ill.

Horace Mann

Advocate for public education; pushed for age-graded schools.

Utopian Communities

Idealistic 1840s reform communities.

James Forten

Leader in the American Anti-Slavery Society.

American Colonization Society (1817)

Proposed relocating free Blacks to Africa; founded Liberia.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded 1833 by Garrison; 250,000+ members.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist; published The Liberator; wanted Northern secession.

Sojourner Truth

Black abolitionist and women’s rights advocate.

Liberty Party (1840)

Abolitionist political party; helped Polk win in 1844; merged with Free-Soil Party.

Elijah Lovejoy

Abolitionist newspaper editor murdered in Illinois.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave; major abolitionist writer and speaker.

Neoclassicism

Art/architecture inspired by Greece and Rome; plantation homes with columns and large windows.

Hudson River School

American landscape painting movement (1825–1875).

Transcendentalism

Movement led by Emerson; emphasized nature, spirituality, intuition.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leading transcendentalist writer and lecturer.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience.

John James Audubon

Artist famous for bird illustrations; influenced American naturalism.

Richard Allen

Founder of the AME Church.

David Walker

Black abolitionist; wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World.

Slave Music

Music used for expression, communication, and endurance; banjo, song, dance.

Samuel Slater

“Father of American Industrial Revolution”; brought British textile tech to U.S.

Cyrus McCormick

Invented mechanical reaper; boosted agricultural productivity.

John Deere

Invented steel plow for tough prairie soil.

Lowell System

Textile factory system employing young women in boarding houses.

Baldwin Locomotive Works

Major locomotive manufacturer in Pennsylvania.

Steel Plow

Deere’s invention; sped up farming.

Mechanical Reaper

McCormick’s invention; increased wheat production; aided Union in Civil War.

Anthracite Coal Mining

Early coal industry; first major shipment in 1808.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical manufactured parts; improved efficiency; first used in muskets.

Cotton Belt / Black Belt

Southern region with high cotton production and slave population.

American System (1816)

Henry Clay’s plan: tariffs, internal improvements, Second BUS.

Erie Canal (1817–1825)

Connected Hudson River to Lake Erie; cut transport costs by 90%.

Turnpikes

Toll roads built by private companies to promote commerce.

National Road

First federal road; connected Maryland to the Midwest.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

First major U.S. railroad; linked East to Midwest.

Mason-Dixon Line

Dividing line between free and slave states.

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women should remain in the home as moral guardians.

Lydia Maria Child

Abolitionist/women’s rights writer; Appeal in Favor of Africans.

National Trades' Union

1834 labor organization criticizing wealth inequality.

Second Bank of the U.S. (1816)

Regulated currency; disliked by farmers and Westerners.

Tariff of 1816

Protective tariff supporting American industry.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

High tariff hurting the South; sparked Nullification Crisis.

Destruction of the BUS (1833)

Jackson removed federal deposits and put funds in state banks.

John C. Calhoun

VP under JQ Adams and Jackson; supported states’ rights and nullification.

Daniel Webster

Whig leader; supported modernization and banking.

Henry Clay

“Great Compromiser”; American System; Missouri Compromise; Compromise of 1850.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Jefferson bought western lands from France; doubled U.S. size.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Explored Louisiana Purchase; mapped routes to the Pacific.

War Hawks

Westerners urging war with Britain; included Clay and Calhoun.

War of 1812

Caused by impressment, trade conflicts, and Indian conflicts; ended with Treaty of Ghent.

Defining Slave and Free States

Mason-Dixon Line; Missouri Compromise.

Defining Territories for Native Americans

Indian Removal created “Indian Territory” in Oklahoma.

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

U.S. bought Florida; gained Oregon claims.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Warned Europe against interfering in Western Hemisphere.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Settled U.S.–Canada border disputes; banned oceanic slave trade.

Annexation of Texas (1845)

Tyler annexed Texas before leaving office.

Oregon Treaty (1846)

Set U.S.–British border at 49th parallel.

Manifest Destiny

Belief U.S. was destined to expand coast to coast.

Mexican-American War (1846–1848)

U.S. defeated Mexico; gained Southwest lands.

Mexican Cession (1848)

Land from Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM, CO.

Chinese Trade

Opium War; Treaty of Wanghia opened trade and missionary access.

Essex Junto

New England Federalists plotting secession; tied to Burr.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Federalists opposed War of 1812; seen as unpatriotic; party collapsed.

South Carolina Nullification Crisis

SC nullified tariffs; Jackson used Force Bill; compromise solved it.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who formed Native confederacy against U.S. expansion.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Authorized removal of tribes westward.

Black Hawk

Led resistance to U.S. removal in Illinois; defeated.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court said only federal gov. could regulate Native land; ignored by Jackson.

Trail of Tears (1838)

Forced Cherokee removal to Oklahoma.

Seminole Wars

U.S. military conflict in Florida against the Seminoles.

Tallmadge Amendment

Attempt to restrict slavery in Missouri; blocked by Senate.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Missouri slave, Maine free, 36°30′ line divides future states.