Types of LTM

Who was the first psychologist to propose different types of LTM?

Tulving

What are the 2 sub-divisions of LTM?

Explicit -conscious, declarative

Implicit -unconcois, non-declarative

What does declarative mean?

Easy to express in words

What does non-declarative mean?

Can't be expressed in words

Which sub division of LTM is conscious?

Explicit

Which sub division of LTM is declarative?

Explicit

2 features of explicit LTM

Conscious

Declarative

Which sub division of LTM is unconscious?

Implicit

Which sub division of LTM is non-declarative?

Implicit

2 features of implicit LTM

Unconscious

Non-declarative

3 types of LTM

Episodic

Semantic

Procedural

Which sub division of LTM is episodic memory?

Explicit

3 features of episodic memory

Autobiographical record

Influenced by emotions

Time stamped

Which part of LTM is time stamped?

Episodic explicit memory

What type of LTM is influenced by emotions?

Episodic explicit memory

2 parts of the brain episodic memory uses

Prefrontal Cortex

Temporal lobe

What part of LTM uses the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe?

Episodic explicit memory

3 features of prefrontal cortex

-Within frontal lobe

-Helps control highest level of thinking

-Controls conscious functions eg: empathy

Which part of the brain has these 3 features:

-Within frontal lobe

-Helps control highest level of thinking

-Controls conscious functions eg: empathy

Prefrontal cortex

Which part of the brain is in the frontal lobe?

Prefrontal cortex

5 features of temporal lobe

-Above the ears

-Plays a role in emotions

-Identifying objects

-Understanding language

-Storing memories

What part of the brain is above the ears?

Temporal lobe

What part of the brain has these 5 features:

-Above the ears

-Plays a role in emotions

-Identifying objects

-Understanding language

-Storing memories

Temporal lobe

3 features of semantic memory explicit

Contains all knowledge learnt

Knowledge of concepts

Not time stamped

What sub-division of LTM is semantic memory?

Explicit

2 parts of the brain that semantic explicit memory uses

Hippocampus

Temporal lobe

What part of LTM uses the Hippocampus and Temporal lobe?

Semantic explicit memory

Which 2 types of LTM are NOT time stamped?

Semantic explicit memory

Procedural implicit memory

What two types of LTM are explicit?

Semantic memory

Episodic memory

4 features of the Hippocampus

-Seahorse shaped

-Memory,learning,emotion

-Forms new memories

-Organises new memories with related memories and emotions

What part of the brain has these 4 features:

-Seahorse shaped

-Memory,learning,emotion

-Forms new memories

-Organises new memories with related memories and emotions

Hippocampus

What sub-division of LTM is procedural?

Implicit

Is procedural implicit memory declarative or non-declarative?

Non-declarative

2 features of procedural implicit memory

Permits person to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought

Can simultaneously do procedural tasks coz of the lack of conscious thought needed

2 parts of the brain procedural implicit memory uses

Basal ganglia

Cerebellum

3 features of basal ganglia

-Motor control

-Cognitions

-Learning

What part of the brain has these 3 features:

-Motor control

-Cognitions

-Learning

Basal ganglia

2 features of cerebellum

-Helps with timing

-Helps with coordination

What part of the brain has these 2 features:

-Helps with timing

-Helps with coordination

Cerebellum

Limitation of types of LTM

P: Has been argued that there's only 2 types of LTM

E: Cohen + Squire (1980) argued that episodic and semantic stored in 1 store called declarative

C: Agreed that procedural is different and called it non-declarative

Who argued there was only 2 types of LTM?

Cohen + Squire (1980)

What did Cohen + Squire (1980) argue?

Only 2 types of LTM

Episodic + semantic same store called declarative

What did Cohen + Squire (1980) name the store they argued was both episodic and semantic combined?

Declarative?

What did Cohen + Squire (1980) agree was a different LTM store?

Procedural

Called it non-declarative

When did Cohen + Squire argue against Tulving's LTM model?

1980

Who argued against Tulving's LTM model in 1980?

Cohen + Squire

Strength of LTM types

P: Evidence in brain scans that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain

E: Tulving (1994) made Ps perform tasks while getting a PET scan. Episodic and semantic memories recalled from prefrontal cortex

C: Supports view that there's different physical realities in brain and has been confirmed in later research giving it validity

Why does Tulving's 1994 research have validity?

His findings have been confirmed many times in later research

When did Tulving do his PET scan studies?

1994

What did Tulving do in 1994?

PET scan studies

What was Tulving's 1994 study?

Made Ps do a PET scan while doing tasks

Showed episodic + semantic memories came from prefrontal cortex

Who was Clive Wearing?

Person who got amnesia from a virus

Lost episodic memory but procedural and semantic stayed intact

What part of his memory did Clive Wearing lose?

Episodic

What 2 parts of LTM did Clive Wearing keep?

Semantic

Procedural