Honors Bio - Unit 3, Concept 5

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What is the goal of cellular respiration?

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Cellular Respiraton

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1

What is the goal of cellular respiration?

To convert the chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP.

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2

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6  + 6O2  🡪  6H2O  + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP)

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3

What are the reactants for cellular respiration?

Glucose and Oxygen

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4

What are the products of cellular respiration?

CO2 and water as waste products, and the main product is Energy (or ATP)

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5

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration has oxygen to use. Anaerobic respiration doesn't have oxygen to use.

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6

How much ATP does Anaerobic and Aerobic respiration make each?

Anaerobic: 2-4 ATP Aerobic: 36-38 ATP

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7

What is the first stage in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

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8

What is Glycolysis?

A stage where glucose breaks down.

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9

What happens during Glycolysis?

It's a 10 step process where the 6-C molecule of glucose is split in half, making 2 3-C molecules called pyruvate.

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10

Where does glycolysis take place?

This stage takes place in the cytoplasm.

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11

Does glycolysis need oxygen?

This first stage doesn't need oxygen. It is anaerobic.

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12

How much ATP does glycolysis make?

It produces a net 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules total.

  • Tip: 1 glucose creates 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules, and 4 ATP, but it uses 2 of that ATP to work at all. This means there's a net of 2 ATP.

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13

What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

Reactants: Glucose

Products: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules

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14

What will move on from glycolysis and be released onto the next stage?

ATP, NADH, pyruvate will move on from this stage.

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15

What happens after glycolysis?

The cell must make a decision on what type of respiration to continue to after it completes this stage.

  • If there is O2 present, the cell will go through a 2-step process called aerobic respiration to gain energy.

  • If there isn't O2 present, the cell will go through anaerobic respiration, aka fermentation, to gain energy.

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16

What cycle goes on during aerobic respiration?

The Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle.

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17

What is the purpose of Krebs Cycle?

This stage’s purpose is to make electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to move on to ETC.

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18

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

This stage takes place in the Mitochondrial Matrix.

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19

What happens during the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle?

8-steps of chemical reactions where 2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis chemically convert to make 2 ATP (and some CO2, NADH, and FADH2) in this cycle.

Pyruvate from glycolysis has converted into acetyl-CoA during the Krebs Cycle. It has now entered the Citric Acid cycle.

  • NAD+ and FAD act as electron carriers and become NADH and FADH2, and they carry electrons into the final step.

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20

What is released as waste during the Krebs Cycle?

CO2 is released as a waste product.

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21

How many times does the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle happen?

This cycle happens 2 times - once per pyruvate.

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22

What are the products of Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle?

8 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, and 6 CO2 are the products of this cycle.

*Note: The cycle happened twice. Each time it happens, half of these overall products are made. For example, that means 1 ATP and 3 CO2 are made each time.

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23

What stage happens after the Krebs Cycle?

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) happens after this cycle.

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24

Where does the ETC take place?

This takes place in the Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria (called cristae).

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25

What happens during ETC?

A series of reactions using electrons & hydrogens carried by NADH & FADH2 - which were both made in the Krebs cycle - happen.

  • Oxygen combines with electrons and H+ to make water.

  • the enzyme ATP Synthase creates the ATP

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26

What is made during ETC?

34 ATP and water is made during this stage

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27

Why is the ETC so important?

This stage is so important b/c it makes the most ATP.

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28

What reactants are in ETC (what does it use)?

NADH, FADH2, oxygen are used as reactants for this stage.

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29

What are products of ETC?

Water and 34 ATP are products of this stage.

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30

What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration?

Lactic acid and Alcohol Fermentation are the 2 types of this.

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31

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?

This fermentation occurs in some bacteria and animal cells (like our muscles).

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32

What happens during Lactic Acid fermentation?

Pyruvate from glycolysis converts into lactic acid and 2 ATP.

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33

Where does Alcohol fermentation occur?

This fermentation occurs in yeast when there’s no oxygen.

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34

What happens during Alcohol fermentation?

Pyruvate from glycolysis breaks down into alcohol, CO2, and 2 ATP.

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35

What are examples of organisms that go through lactic acid fermentation?

Bacteria and animals (like humans!) are examples of organisms that go through this fermentation.

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36

What are examples of organisms that go through alcohol fermentation?

Yeast is an organism (is it? It’s a thing that does, at least) that goes through alcohol fermentation.

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